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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

The( ) influences motor activity of the spinal cord -> Initiates voluntary movements

A

brain

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2
Q

Hierarchy of controls
Highest level: strategy (1) -> deciding what to do; deals with complex information to decide the course of action
Middle level: tactics (2) -> which muscles to use, how much force to use; how to move the muscles of the body to achieve the course of action
Lowest level: execution (3)

A
  1. Association area of neocortex, basal ganglia
  2. Motor cortex, cerebellum
  3. Brain stem, spinal cord
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3
Q

(): Sensory information used by all levels of the motor system

A

sensorimotor system

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4
Q

Axons from brain descend along two major pathways:

A

Lateral pathways
Ventromedial pathways

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5
Q

axon pathway from brain that mediates Voluntary movement— originates in cortex

A

lateral pathways

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6
Q

components of lateral pathways

A
  1. corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
  2. rubrospinal tract
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7
Q

lateral pathway component: Motor cortex neurons directly innervate spinal cord; originates directly from motor cortex

A

corticospinal stract (direct)

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8
Q

the corticospinal tract passes through (lateral/medial) side of midbrain and (2), where the decussation occurs

A
  1. lateral
  2. medulla
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9
Q

lateral pathway component: indirectly control spinal cord neurons; suggested purpose: controls fine fractionated movements of arms and hands (not present in monkeys)

A

rubrospinal tract

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10
Q

the rubrospinal tract originates from () in the midbrain, which are governed by neurons in the motor cortex

A

red nucleus neurons

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11
Q

The effects of experimental corticospinal lesions

A

Deficit in fractionated movement of arms and hands

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12
Q

Both lateral pathways can (1) for the other if the other has a lesion -> allows for recovery after some time; subsequent (2) in the other pathway reverses recovery

A
  1. compensate
  2. lesion
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13
Q

() in human can affect (cause lesions) in motor cortex or corticospinal tract -> causes paralysis on contralateral side, with possibility of recovery over time

A

strokes

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14
Q

() pathways mediate balance and posture; originate in the brain stem

A

ventromedial

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15
Q

4 components of ventromedial pathways

A
  1. vestibulospinal tracts
  2. tectospinal tract
    3-4. pontine/medullary reticulospinal tract
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16
Q

ventromedial pathway component: manages muscles to maintain head balance and head turning

A

vestibulospinal tracts

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17
Q

ventromedial pathway component: manages muscles for the orienting response -> Turning your head and moving your eye when you focus on an object

A

tectospinal tract

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18
Q

vestibulospinal tracts originate from (), which is the projection site of info from vestibular organs in inner ear -> combines sensory (proprioception) and motor info

A

vestibular nucleus

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19
Q

the vestibular spinal tracts pass near the (ventral/dorsal) side of the spinal cord

A

ventral

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20
Q

the tectospinal tract originates from the (1) and receives info from the (2) -> processing center for visual info and motor execution

A
  1. superior colliculus (optic tectum)
  2. retina
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21
Q

reticulospinal tract: enhances antigravity reflexes -> muscles resist effect of gravity to maintain standing position

A

pontine reticulospinal tract

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22
Q

reticulospinal tract: liberates and relaxes antigravity muscles from reflex control

A

medullary reticulospinal tract

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23
Q

motor cortex comprises areas () of the frontal lobe

A

4 and 6

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24
Q

area 4 of motor cortex: ()

A

primary motor cortex, M1

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25
Q

(): “higher” motor area (Penfield)

A

Area 6

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26
Q

area 6 consists of ()

A

Lateral region -> premotor area (PMA)
Medial region -> supplementary motor area (SMA)

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27
Q

Body areas that require more sensitive motor movements correspond to (narrower/wider) areas in motor cortex

A

wider

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28
Q

the posterior parietal cortex consists of areas () of the frontal cortex

A

5 and 7

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29
Q
  • Area (): inputs from areas 3, 1, and 2 (S1) (from somatosensory cortex and combines info for deciding output)
A

5

30
Q

Area (): inputs from higher-order visual cortical areas such as MT

A

7

31
Q

Represent highest levels of motor control -> Decisions made about actions and their outcome

A

posterior parietal cortex

32
Q

Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex: () -> abstract thought, decision making, and anticipating consequences of action

A

Anterior frontal lobes

33
Q

(): Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed. (PMA neurons vs SMA neurons)

A

Area 6

34
Q

() neurons were shown by Evarts to be active during the planning of a muscle movement (“Ready”)

A

PMA

35
Q

some neurons in cortical area 6 respond when movement is only imagined -> May be part of extensive brain system for understanding actions and intentions of others

A

mirror neurons

36
Q

(): Selection and initiation of willed movements; Important source of inputs towards area 6 and motor cortex

A

basal ganglia

37
Q

the basal ganglia consists of: ()

A

striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

38
Q

midbrain structure that is reciprocally connected with the basal ganglia; important for stimulating striatum thru dopaminergic innervation

A

substantia nigra

39
Q

most of the inputs from basal ganglia pass through the () of the thalamus

A

ventral lateral (VL) nucleus

40
Q

target of the cortical input to the basal ganglia

A

striatum

41
Q

2 major points of the motor loop

A

basal ganglia, cortex

42
Q

the basal ganglia provides major input to area ()

A

6

43
Q

Excitatory connection from cortex to putamen (basal ganglia striatum neurons)

A

direct motor loop

44
Q

cortical activation of the direct motor loop:

A

excites putamen, inhibits globus pallidus (GPI), and releases VLo from inhibition

45
Q

activity in VLo boosts activity in ()

A

SMA neurons

46
Q

(): trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of the thalamus by basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

47
Q

Organic basis of Parkinson’s : degeneration of () -> (lack of stimulation via dopamine)

A

dopaminergic substantia nigra inputs to striatum

48
Q

(): facilitates production of dopamine to alleviate some Parkinson’s symptoms

A

l-dopa treatment

49
Q

Loss of neurons in caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; Consequent loss of inhibitory output to the thalamus -> motor systems can’t be suppressed properly (overactivation of motor loop)

A

Huntington’s Disease

50
Q

in Huntington’s disease, () is primarily responsible for dementia and personality changes

A

cortical degeneration

51
Q

Electrical stimulation of () causes contraction of small group of muscles.

A

area 4

52
Q

(): pyramidal cells in cortical layer 5

A

Betz cells

53
Q

Two sources of input to Betz cells

A

Cortical areas
Thalamus

54
Q

Extensor motor neurons are innervated by ()

A

Betz cells (excitatory)

55
Q

Flexor motor neurons are connected to ()

A

inhibitory interneurons

56
Q

Movement of direction encoded by () of neurons

A

collective (populational) activity

57
Q

direction of movement is determined by () - a tally (and averaging) of votes; activity of each cell represents a single “vote”.

A

population vectors

58
Q

Motor map is easily changed -> adapts to changes such as ()

A

loss of connection to certain muscles

59
Q

function of cerebellum

A

mediates sequence of muscle contractions

60
Q

(): uncoordinated and inaccurate movements; caused by cerebellar lesion

A

Ataxia

61
Q

(): decomposition of synergistic multi-joint movements (e.g. catching a ball); caused by cerebellar lesion

A

Dyssynergia

62
Q

(): overshoot or undershoot target; caused by cerebellar lesion

A

Dysmetria

63
Q

() – increases surface area in cerebellum (similar to gyri and sulci)

A

Folia and lobules

64
Q

Relay cerebellar cortical output to brain stem structures

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

65
Q

(): axial musculature; connection between left and right cerebellar hemispheres; contributes to ventromedial pathways

A

Vermis

66
Q

cerebellar hemispheres mediate ()

A

limb movements

67
Q

Most abundant cells in cerebellum
Very densely packed (blue)
Located in inner side of cerebellum
Excitatory neurons

A

granule cells

68
Q

granule cells have () that are projected in molecular (outer) layer -> connects Purkinje cells

A

parallel fibers

69
Q

Very large cells (one of the largest cells in CNS)
Many dendrites and processes
Packed in outer molecular layer of cerebellum
Collect info from granule cells via the granule cell parallel fibers
Inhibitory neurons -> project inhibitory axons towards deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Purkinje cells

70
Q

Cerebellum is the center for the proper execution of ()

A

planned, voluntary, multijoint movements

71
Q

Axons from layer V pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex form massive projections to pons.

A

Pontine nuclei

72
Q

the corticopontocerebellar tract 20 times larger than the () tract;

A

pyramidal

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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