Chapter 2: Neurons and Glia Flashcards
insulate, support, and nourish neurons
glia
major cell types in the brain
neurons and glia
wraps myelin around multiple axons
oligodendrocyte
ensheathes synapse and modulates synapse function
astrocyte
immune cells in the brain
microglia
comparison of neuronal cells vs non-neuronal cells in cerebral cortex
less neuronal cells than non-neuronal cells
comparison of neuronal cells vs non-neuronal cells in cerebellum
more neuronal cells than non-neuronal cells
method of staining extranuclear DNA; distinguishes between neurons and glia
Nissl stain
involved soaking the brain tissue in a silver chromate solutions that makes small percentages of neurons become darkly colored
Golgi staining
refers to any projection from the neuron; comprised of axons and dendrites
neurites
the () forms synapse between neurons
dendritic spine
Cajal used Golgi staining to work out brain circuitry; he concluded that neurons communicate by (1), not (2)
- contact
- continuity
cell body of neurons
soma
neurons differ from other cells because of specific ()
expression of genes and proteins
set of all RNA transcripts in an individual or population of cells
transcriptome
print DNA probes of a whole genome onto a chip, allowing for hybridization of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) derived from expressed genes
DNA microarrays
determines the sequence of all cDNAs and is a more quantitative and sensitive method of transcriptome analysis
RNA seq
proteins that need to stay in the cytosol are typically transcribed by ()
free ribosomes
smooth ER in neurons are also involved in SOCE (meaning)
store-operated calcium entry
demonstrate the efficiency of the Krebs cycle
1 pyruvic acid to 17 ATP
3 structures in neuronal cytoskeleton
- microtubules
- microfilaments (actin)
- neurofilaments (intermediate filaments)
3 compartments of the axon
- axon hillock
- axon proper
- axon terminal
the axon terminal is also called ()
terminal bouton
2 types of axon terminals
- terminal arbor
- Boutons en passant
movement of material along the axon
axoplasmic transport
anterograde (soma to terminal) transport is performed by
kinesin
retrograde (terminal to soma) transport is performed by
dynein
“antennae” of neurons
dendrites
dendrites of a single neuron
dendritic tree
protrudes from dendrite; forms big, mushroom-like structure that receives some types of synaptic input, thus has a higher concentration of receptors
dendritic spines
dendritic membranes are rich in () that receive signals from synaptic cleft
specialised proteins called receptors
classification of neurons based on number of neurites:
- unipolar (single neurite)
- bipolar (2 neurites)
- multipolar (more that 2 neurites)
most neurons in the brain are classified as () based on number of neurites
multipolar
classification of neurons based on dendritic morphology
- stellate cells (star-shaped) or pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped)
- spiny or aspinous
classification of neurons based on connections within the CNS
- primary sensory neurons
- motor neurons
- interneurons
classification of neurons based on axonal length
- Golgi type I (long axon, projection neurons)
- Golgi type II (short axon, local interneurons)
other ways of classifying neurons
- based on gene expression
- based on neurotransmitter type
kinds of glia
- astrocytes
- microglia
astrocytes also regulate () in the intercellular space
ion concentration
types of myelinating glia
- oligodendroglia (in CNS)
- Schwann cells (in PNS)
region where myelinated axonal membrane is exposed
Node of Ranvier
cells that line the spinal fluid-filled spaces of brain ventricles
ependymal cells
