Chapter 5 - Skeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What does the skeletal system consist of?

Answer 1

A framework of
* bones
* articulations at joints

Question 2

What are the functions of the skeletal system:

Answer 2

1. Support the weight of the body
2. Movement by providing a rigid lever system
3. Protection - protects vital organs and soft tissue
4. Mineral deposit - stores required minerals for the body and blood
5. Blood cell formation - forms red blood cells within the red bone marrow
6. Energy reservoir - stores energy in the form of fat in the yellow bone marrow

Question 3

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

Answer 3

206 bones

Question 4

what are the different types of bones (classification of bones) in the human skeleton?

Answer 4

1. Long bones - eg. femur (thigh) and humerus (upper arm) - act as levers for movement.
2. Short bones - eg. tarsalis (ankle) carpal (wrist) - give strength to joints
3. Flat bones - eg. ribs and scapulae (shoulder) - provide a broad site for muscle attachment and protect internal organs
4. Irregular bones - eg. ischium, pubis, vertebrae - protect internal organs, support the body.

Question 5

The human skeleton can be divided into two broad sections. What are they named?

Answer 5

1. The axial skeleton (includes skull, spine, ribs and sternum)
2. The appendicular skeleton (includes bones in upper limbs (arms), lower limbs (legs), the shoulders and the pelvis)

Question 6

Describe the anatomical position?

Answer 6

The person stands straight with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Question 7

Spatial terminology

Describe anterior and posterior

Answer 7

Anterior: the front of the body.
Posterior: the back of the body

Question 8

Spatial terminology

Describe medial and lateral

Answer 8

Medial: body parts closer to the midline are medial
Lateral: body parts away from the midline are lateral

Question 9

Spatial terminology

Superior and inferior

Answer 9

Superior: when one body part is above another
Inferior: when one body part is below another, it is inferior.

Question 10

Spatial terminology

Supine and prone

Answer 10

Supine: the body lies face up
Prone: the body lies face down

Question 11

Spatial terminology

Dorsal and plantar

Answer 11

Dorsal: top of the foot
plantar: bottom of the foot

Question 12

Proximal and distal

Answer 12

Proximal: the end of a bone closer to the midline of the body (closer to the torso).

Distal: the end of the bone that is further from the midline of the body

Question 13

Joint movement terminology

Flexion, extension, hyperextension

Answer 13

• Flexion - eg. bending an arm
• Extension - eg. straitening the arm
• Hyperextension - eg. movemenet that occurs beyond the normal joint range of movement

Question 14

Abduction and adduction

Answer 14

• Abduction: when a bone moves away from the midline - eg. scapula bone (shoulder blades) when you hug yourself.
• Adduction: when a bone moves towards the midline - scapula bone (Shoulder blades) when you squeeze them together

Question 15

Circumduction

Answer 15

A circular mouvement - eg. shoulder rotations

Question 16

Elevation and depression

Answer 16

• Elevation: Shrugging the shoulders
• Depression: lowering the shoulders

Question 17

**

Medial and lateral rotation

Answer 17

• Medial rotation - rotation towards the midline - eg. forward rotation of shoulder or hip
• Lateral rotation - rotation away from the midline - eg. backward rotation of shoulder or hip

Question 18

Supination and protation

Answer 18

• Supination: movement away from the midline of body - eg. forearm turned externally so palm faces forward
• Pronation: movement twards the midline of hte body eg. forearm turned internally so palms face backward

Question 19

Inversion and eversion

Answer 19

• Inversion: turning the inside of the foot towards the midline of the body
• Eversion: turning the inside of the foot towards the ground away from the midline of the body

Question 20

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Answer 20

• Dorsiflexion: flexing the food upwards so the toes point toward the head
• Plantar flexion: flexing the foot downwards so the toes point downward.

Question 21

LIst the four classifications (types) of bones and give an example of each classification.

Answer 21

1. Short bones example: carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle)
2. long bones, example femur (thigh) humerus (upper arm)
3. flat bones, example: scapula, ribs
4. Irregular bones, example: vertebrae, (bones that make up the spine)

Question 22

The skeleton provides all the following essential functions EXCEPT:
a. protection of vital organs and soft tissue
b. production of red blood cells
c. storage for minerals (calcium and phosphate)
d. attachments for organs and blood vessels

Answer 22

d. attachments for organs and blood vessels

Question 23

The adult human body contains approximately ____ bones, most of which are found in the ____________ skeleton.
a. 270; appendicular
b. 206; appendicular
c. 175; axial
d. 230, axial

Answer 23

b. 206; appendicular

Question 24

what are the three categories of joints?
a. fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
b. fibrous, synovial and condyloid
c. cartilaginous, synovial and syndesmoses
d. cartilaginous, synovial and hinge

Answer 24

a. fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Question 25

True or false: Ligaments are bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones to allow movement of the skeletal joints.
a) true
b) false

Answer 25

b) false
(Ligaments are tough short bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to bones.