Chapter 5: Roles played by different groups

Question 1

In January 2016, what did the Justice Minister announce?

Answer 1

In January 2016, the Justice Minister announced that the government was scrapping changes it had intended to make to Legal Aid funding

Question 2

What does Legal Aid do?

Answer 2

Legal Aid helps those with limited means to gain legal:
1. Advice
2. Representation
in court

Question 3

Who was the Legal Aid campaign led by?

Answer 3

The Legal Aid campaign was led by the legal profession

Question 4

What did the Legal Aid campaign include?

Answer 4

The Legal Aid campaign included:

1. A day’s walk out from court sessions
2. Marches in many major cities

Question 5

The Legal Aid campaign included a day’s walk out from court sessions and marches in many major cities.
Example

Answer 5

For example:
1. Lawyers
2. Others
protesting in Manchester about the proposed changes

Question 6

The Legal Aid campaign included a day’s walk out from court sessions and marches in many major cities.
For example, lawyers and others protesting in Manchester about the proposed changes.
What did the methods used by this protest include?

Answer 6

The methods used by this protest included:

1. Lobbying MPs and government ministers
2. Seeking media attention
3. Writing to newspapers
4. Using their professional bodies to lobby government
5. Taking direct action, such as organised marches and the walk-out from the courts

Question 7

The Legal Aid campaign included a day’s walk out from court sessions and marches in many major cities.
For example, lawyers and others protesting in Manchester about the proposed changes.
One of the methods used by this protest included using their professional bodies to lobby government.
What are their professional bodies?

Answer 7

Legal Aid’s professional bodies are the:

1. Law Society
2. Bar Council
3. Criminal Bar Council

Question 8

The Legal Aid campaign included a day’s walk out from court sessions and marches in many major cities.
For example, lawyers and others protesting in Manchester about the proposed changes.
Clearly, the Legal Aid campaign is an example of what?

Answer 8

Clearly, the Legal Aid campaign is an example of successful action by professional bodies leading to a government reversing a policy proposal

Question 9

What does the case of the Guildford Four relate to?

Answer 9

The case of the Guildford Four relates to 4 people who were:

1. Arrested in 1974
2. Accused of being involved in an IRA bombing in Guildford, in which 5 people were killed

Question 10

The case of the Guildford Four relates to 4 people who were arrested in 1974 and accused of being involved in an IRA bombing in Guildford, in which 5 people were killed.
Who was one of those arrested?

Answer 10

One of those arrested was Gerry Conlon, a Belfast-born 20 year old at the time

Question 11

The case of the Guildford Four relates to 4 people who were arrested in 1974 and accused of being involved in an IRA bombing in Guildford, in which 5 people were killed.
One of those arrested was Gerry Conlon, a Belfast-born 20 year old at the time.
What was he sentenced to?

Answer 11

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police

Question 12

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
What did the Court of Appeal do, in 1989?

Answer 12

In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions

Question 13

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions.
What did Gerry Conlon do, on his release?

Answer 13

On his release, Gerry Conlon:

1. Stood outside the High Court in London
2. Promised to fight to clear others who had been wrongly accused

Question 14

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions.
What told his story, in 1993?

Answer 14

In 1993, a film ‘In the Name of the Father’ told Gerry Conlon’s story

Question 15

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions.
What did he and others do, in 1991?

Answer 15

In 1991:
1. Gerry Conlon
2. Others
formed a pressure group to fight against miscarriages of justice, called:
‘The Miscarriages of Justice Organisation’ (Mojo)

Question 16

In 1997, Gerry Conlon was given what?

Answer 16

In 1997, Gerry Conlon was given £546,000 in compensation

Question 17

In 1997, Gerry Conlon was given £546,000 in compensation.

What happened in 2005?

Answer 17

In 2005, the Prime Minister Tony Blair gave him a personal apology, which included, ‘‘Everyone thinks this happens to other people, but it’s closer than you think
Who’s to say you’re not next?
Look at Sally Clarke
She was a solicitor and she drank herself to death after she was wrongly convicted of killing her two sons’’

Question 18

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to do what?

Answer 18

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds

Question 19

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
What did she use to fight her case?

Answer 19

Victoria Gillick used the legal system to fight her case, as well as a public campaign

Question 20

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
Victoria Gillick used the legal system to fight her case, as well as a public campaign.
How many MPs supported her demands?

Answer 20

Over 200 MPs supported Victoria Gillick’s demands

Question 21

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
What was she granted to fight her case?

Answer 21

Victoria Gillick was granted legal aid to fight her case

Question 22

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
What did she receive?

Answer 22

Victoria Gillick received:

1. Thousands of letters of support
2. The backing of the National Housewives Association and its 25,000 members

Question 23

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
What did the High Court eventually do?

Answer 23

The High Court eventually:

1. Ruled against her
2. Rejected her request to stop the government prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds, saying that doctors can give contraception to under 16-year-olds without parental consent

Question 24

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
In this case, even with political support, who had the final say?

Answer 24

In this case, even with political support, the courts had the final say

Question 25

In 1983, Victoria Gillick, a mother of 10 children, wanted to stop doctors prescribing contraception to under 16-year-olds.
In this case, even with political support, why did the courts have the final say?

Answer 25

In this case, even with political support, the courts had the final say, because the key issue was about interpretation of the law

Question 26

On 15th April, 1989, what happened to 96 Liverpool fans?

Answer 26

On 15th April, 1989:

1. 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death
2. Hundreds more were injured

Question 27

The Hillsborough disaster

Answer 27

The Hillsborough disaster was that on 15th April, 1989:
1. 96 Liverpool fans were crushed to death
2. Hundreds more were injured
at the Sheffield Wednesday stadium, which was hosting an FA Cup semi-final match

Question 28

The Hillsborough disaster.

What did the inquiry into the disaster led by Lord Chief Justice Taylor establish?

Answer 28

The inquiry into the disaster led by Lord Chief Justice Taylor established that the main cause was a failure of police crowd control

Question 29

The Hillsborough disaster.

What did relatives, friends and supporters of those who died do?

Answer 29

Relatives, friends and supporters of those who died:

1. Did not believe that the full facts about what happened that day had been brought to the public’s attention
2. Campaigned for more information

Question 30

The Hillsborough disaster.

What happened in April 2009, 20 years after the tragedy?

Answer 30

In April 2009, 20 years after the tragedy, the Home Secretary requested South Yorkshire Police to release all the files they had containing detailed evidence

Question 31

In April 2009, 20 years after the Hillsborough disaster, the Home Secretary requested South Yorkshire Police to release all the files they had containing detailed evidence.
What happened in December 2009?

Answer 31

In December 2009, the Hillsborough Independent Panel was set up by the Home Secretary to oversee a ‘full public disclosure of relevant:
1. Government
2. Local
information’

Question 32

In December 2009, the Hillsborough Independent Panel was set up by the Home Secretary to oversee a ‘full public disclosure of relevant government and local information.’
In September 2012, the panel reported that the police had done what?

Answer 32

In September 2012, the panel reported that the police had deliberately altered more than 160 witness statements in an attempt to blame Liverpool fans for the fatal crush

Question 33

In September 2012, the Hillsborough Independent Panel reported and found certain disclosures.
What did the disclosures prompt?

Answer 33

The disclosures prompted apologies from the:

1. Prime Minister
2. Former editor of the Sun newspaper, over comments that had been made about the fans who died

Question 34

What did the High Court do in relation to the In December 2012, the High Court what the original inquest verdicts?

Answer 34

In December 2012, the High Court quashed the original inquest verdicts

Question 35

In December 2012, the High Court quashed the original inquest verdicts,
In December 2012, the Home Secretary ordered a what?

Answer 35

In December 2012, the Home Secretary ordered a fresh police inquiry into the disaster

Question 36

The Hillsborough disaster.
In December 2012, the High Court quashed the original inquest verdicts and the Home Secretary ordered a fresh police inquiry into the disaster.
When did the fresh inquiry into the deaths commence?

Answer 36

The fresh inquiry into the deaths commenced in March 2014:
1. One year
2. 4 months
after the Home Secretary ordered a fresh police inquiry into the disaster

Question 37

The Hillsborough disaster.
The fresh inquiry into the deaths commenced in March 2014, 1 year and 4 months after the Home Secretary ordered a fresh police inquiry into the disaster.
In April 2016, the inquest jury decided that what?

Answer 37

In April 2016, the inquest jury decided that the:

1. 96 who died at Hillsborough had been unlawfully killed
2. Police Match Commander on the day was responsible for manslaughter by gross negligence

Question 38

The Hillsborough disaster.
In April 2016, the inquest jury decided 2 things.
What does this verdict mean?

Answer 38

This verdict means that the Crown Prosecution Service are able to consider proceedings against:
1. Individuals
2. Corporate bodies
involved with the deaths of the 96 people

Question 39

What does the Hillsborough disaster case study show?

Answer 39

The Hillsborough disaster case study shows how a group of concerned citizens, together with media and political support, can:

1. Eventually seek out the truth
2. Use the legal system to achieve justice

Question 40

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions, when the court was told that what?

Answer 40

In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions, when the court was told that evidence that the police knew he had an alibi was not given to his defence team

Question 41

Gerry Conlon was sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of false confessions made after days of mistreatment by the police.
In 1989, the Court of Appeal overturned the convictions, when the court was told that evidence that the police knew he had an alibi was not given to his defence team.
There was also evidence of what?

Answer 41

There was also evidence of police collusion in fabricating the statements which formed the only evidence produced against them at the original trial

Question 42

In December 2009, the Hillsborough Independent Panel was set up by the Home Secretary to oversee a ‘full public disclosure of relevant government and local information.’
In September 2012, the panel reported that the police had deliberately altered more than 160 witness statements in an attempt to blame Liverpool fans for the fatal crush.
In September 2012, the panel found that what?

Answer 42

In September 2012, the panel found that:

1. Crowd safety was ‘compromised at every level’
2. 41 of the 96 who died could have survived, prompting calls for fresh inquests