Chapter 5: Personality and Values

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The sum total ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others

Question 2

The most common means of measuring personality is through

Answer 2

self-report surveys in which individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors

Question 3

Heredity

Answer 3

factors determined at conception. Physical stature, facial features, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by parentage—by your biological parents’ genetic, physiological, and psychological makeup.

Question 4

Personality traits

Answer 4

Enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behaviour

Question 5

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 5

Personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of 16 personality types

Question 6

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classifiers

Answer 6

Respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P)

Question 7

Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I)

Answer 7

Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, assertive, and enjoy being in busy, highly stimulating environments. Introverts are quiet, may be shy, and tend to prefer quieter environments where they can focus on one thing or person at a time.

Question 8

Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N)

Answer 8

Sensing types are practical, prefer routine and order, and focus on details. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the “big picture.”

Question 9

Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F)

Answer 9

Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions.

Question 10

Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P)

Answer 10

Judging types want control and prefer order and structure. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

Question 11

Big FIve Model

Answer 11

A personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions

Question 12

Big Five categories

Answer 12

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional stability
Openness to experience

Question 13

Extraversion

Answer 13

Someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Question 14

Agreeableness

Answer 14

Someone who is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Question 15

Conscientiousness

Answer 15

Someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Question 16

Emotional stability

Answer 16

Someone as calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus negative, depressed, and insecure (negative)

Question 17

Openness to experience

Answer 17

Someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity

Question 18

Dark Triad

Answer 18

The traits of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy

Question 19

Machiavellianism

Answer 19

The gree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

Question 20

Narcissism

Answer 20

describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance, requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant.

Question 21

Psychopathy

Answer 21

lack of concern for others, and a lack of guilt or remorse when their actions cause harm.

Question 22

Approach–avoidance framework

Answer 22

Personality framework that casts personality traits as motivations

Question 23

Core self-evaluation (CSE)

Answer 23

People with a positive core-self evaluation like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. Those with negative CSE tend to dislike themselves, question their capabilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment.

Question 24

Self-monitoring

Answer 24

describes an individual’s ability to adjust her behaviour to external, situational factors.

High self-monitors show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behaviour to external situational factors.

Low self-monitors can’t disguise themselves in that way. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation; hence, there is high behavioural consistency between who they are and what they do.

Question 25

Proactive personality

Answer 25

identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.

Question 26

Situation strength theory

Answer 26

proposes that the way personality translates into behaviour depends on the strength of the situation.

By situation strength, we mean the degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behaviour.

Question 27

Researchers have analyzed situation strength in organizations in terms of four elements

Answer 27

Clarity
Consistency
Constraints
Consequences

Question 28

Clarity

Answer 28

or the degree to which cues about work duties and responsibilities are available and clear.

Question 29

Consistency

Answer 29

or the extent to which cues regarding work duties and responsibilities are compatible with one another.

Question 30

Constraints

Answer 30

or the extent to which individuals’ freedom to decide or act is limited by forces outside their control.

Question 31

Consequences

Answer 31

or the degree to which decisions or actions have important implications for the organization or its members, clients, suppliers, and so on.

Question 32

trait activation theory (TAT)

Answer 32

TAT predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.

Question 33

Values

Answer 33

represent basic convictions that “a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.”

Question 34

Two categories of values

Answer 34

Terminal

Instrumental

Question 35

Terminal Values

Answer 35

refers to desirable end-states. These are the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime.

Some examples of terminal values are prosperity and economic success, freedom, health and well-being,

Question 36

Instrumental Values

Answer 36

refers to preferable modes of behaviour, or means of achieving the terminal values.

Examples of instrumental values are autonomy and self-reliance, personal discipline, kindness, and goal-orientation

Question 37

Personality–job fit theory

Answer 37

Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to leave a position depend on how well individuals match their personalities to a job.

Question 38

person–organization fit theory

Answer 38

essentially argues that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and they leave organizations that are not compatible with their personalities

Question 39

Hofstede’s Framework

Answer 39

5 dimensions of national culture

Question 40

Power distance

Answer 40

the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Question 41

Individualism

Answer 41

the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups and believe in individual rights above all else.

Question 42

Collectivism

Answer 42

emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Question 43

Masculinity

Answer 43

the degree to which the culture favours stereotypically masculine values such as achievement, power, and control, as opposed to stereotypically feminine values such as social harmony.

Question 44

Feininity

Answer 44

the culture sees little differentiation between gender roles and endorses communal, nurturing behaviours.

Question 45

Uncertainty avoidance

Answer 45

The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations

Question 46

long-term orientation

Answer 46

look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition

Question 47

short term orientation

Answer 47

value the here and now; they accept change more readily and don’t see commitments as impediments to change.

Question 48

Acculturation

Answer 48

the process by which individuals change as a result of being influenced by contact with another culture