Chapter 2: Diversity in Organizations

Question 1

Canada was the first country in the world to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy

Answer 1

Crazy

Question 2

discrimination

Answer 2

occurs when job candidates or employees experience differential treatment based on characteristics unrelated to work performance such as gender, ethnicity, or religious beliefs.

Question 3

1971 Multiculturalism Policy of Canada

Answer 3

(1) formal statements of support for the maintenance of languages other than Canada’s two official languages, (2) mandating programs and practices that enhance community participation for all citizens,
(3) mandating programs and practices that enhance understanding and respect for diversity, and
(4) requiring the collection of statistical data measuring the outcomes of these initiatives.

Question 4

Multiculturalism legislation criticiisms

Answer 4

Some critics claim that it encourages people to focus on their differences rather than their similarities. Others say that the legislation represents a shallow commitment not backed up with the resources necessary to genuinely foster cultural maintenance.

Question 5

Overall trends in labour

Answer 5

between 1976 and 2016 the employment rate among women aged 25 to 55 in Canada rose from 41.9 to 57.6 percent while at the same time the employment rate for similarly aged men fell from 72.7 to 66.8 percent

• People with disabilities, for example, had a 46.4 percent labour force participation rate in 2001. That increased to 53.6 percent by 2012
• recent immigrants had a labour force participation rate of 82.9 percent, while immigrants who had been in Canada more than five years and domestic-born Canadians had rates of approximately 87 percent
• Workers over the age of 65 represent an increasingly large portion of the workforce as well, with 13.9 percent of them reporting as employed in 2016

Question 6

surface-level diversity

Answer 6

Differences in easily perceived characteristics such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, or disability, that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel but that ay activate certain stereotypes

Question 7

Deep level diversity

Answer 7

Differences in values, personality, and work preferences that become progressively more important for determining similarity as people get to know one another better

Question 8

Biographical characteristics

Answer 8

Personal characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, disability, and immigration status are some of the most obvious ways employees differ
(surface-level diversity)

Question 9

Employers views on older workers

Answer 9

They see a number of positive qualities that many (but not all) older workers bring to their jobs, such as experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and commitment to quality. But older workers are also stereotyped as lacking flexibility and resisting new technology.

Question 10

Facts on age

Answer 10

Older you get the less likely you are to quit your job (longer tenure provides more money, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pensions benefits

• Older people have less absints
• Age and job performance are not too correlated

Question 11

Gender

Answer 11

In fact, a 2012 meta-analysis of job performance studies found that women scored slightly higher than men on performance measures
-There are no consistent male–female differences in problem-solving ability, analytical skills, competitive drive, motivation, sociability, or learning ability

Question 12

Gender pay gap

Answer 12

Statistics Canada data from 2015 showed that the gender wage gap was 13 percent for full-time workers. This meant that for every $1 earned by a male, a female earned 87 cents

Question 13

Gender identity facts

Answer 13

Federal law prohibits discrimination against employees based on sexual orientation.
-LGBT group mentions may work against a job application

Question 14

Accommodation

Answer 14

Used in the sense of having need met for the disabled, devices, support, and policies that enable people to work at their maximum potential

Question 15

race (Surface Level)

Answer 15

biological heritage people use to identify themselves.

Question 16

Ethnicity (Surface Level)

Answer 16

additional set of cultural characteristics that often overlaps with race.

Question 17

Facts about race and ethnicity

Answer 17

individuals tend to slightly favour colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises, although such differences are not found consistently, especially when highly structured methods of decision making reduce the opportunity for discrimination.

Question 18

Indigenous and first nations people (Surface Level)

Answer 18

-Highest unemployed
-earn less when employed
-

Question 19

Refugees

Answer 19

brought into Canada on compassionate grounds to satisfy obligations under the UN Convention for Refugees, international legislation signed by the government in 1951

Question 20

intersectionality

Answer 20

attempt to capture the consequences of the interaction between two or more forms of subordination . . . and address the manner in which systems create inequalities that structure the relative position of persons

Question 21

Disability (Surface Level)

Answer 21

Examples of Canadian legislation enacted to improve labour force participation of persons with disabilities include the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Human Rights Act, and the Employment Equity Act in Canada.

Question 22

Religion (Surface Level)

Answer 22

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Act prohibit employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of their religion.
-Biggest in Canada is Islam

Question 23

Ability

Answer 23

an individual’s current capacity to perform the various tasks in a job
(Deep level)

Question 24

Two types of abilities

Answer 24

Intellectual

Physical

Question 25

Intellectual abilities

Answer 25

Those needed to perform mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

Question 26

What makes up intellectual abilities

Answer 26

1) number aptitude, 2)verbal comprehension,
3) perceptual speed, 4)inductive reasoning,
5) deductive reasoning, 6)spatial visualization, 7)memory.

Question 27

General mental ability (GMA)

Answer 27

An overall factor of intelligence, as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions

Question 28

Physical Abilities

Answer 28

The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics

Question 29

9 basic physical abilities

Answer 29

dynamic strength:
construction worker (generalist)

trunk strength:
drywall installer

static strength:
mover

explosive strength: Olympic sprinter

extent flexibility: gymnast

dynamic flexibility: assembly line worker

body coordination:
choreographer

balance: roofer
stamina: Marathon runner

Question 30

Diversity management

Answer 30

The process and programs by which managers make everyone more aware of and sensitive to the needs and differences of others

Question 31

Diversity management

Answer 31

First, they teach managers about the legal framework for equal employment opportunity and encourage fair treatment of all people regardless of their demographic characteristics. Second, they teach managers how a diverse workforce will be better able to serve a diverse market of customers and clients. Third, they foster personal development practices that bring out the skills and abilities of all workers, acknowledging how differences in perspective can be a valuable way to improve performance for everyone.

Question 32

affirmative action

Answer 32

specific percentage of jobs must be filled by minority candidates and there are concrete penalties, such as fines, for having a workforce not representative of the local population.

Question 33

employment equity programs

Answer 33

These programs focus on ensuring that recruitment and selection processes are fair, training is inclusive, and performance management is free from bias.