Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

Question

What is sexual motivation?

Answer 1

Physiologically, humans are motivated to sexual behavior based on the secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and androgens. There is a strong correlation between hormone concentration and sexual desire.

Answer 2

Distinctive state of mind, derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. The word emotion is derived from the same Latin word as motivation: motus.

Answer 3

The physiological response The behavioral response The cognitive response

Answer 4

When a feeling is first experienced, arousal stimulated by the autonomic nervous system. The physiological component includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure

Answer 5

The behavioral component of an emotion includes facial expressions and body language. For example, a smile, a friendly hand gesture, or even a subtle head tilt toward someone are commonly recognizes warm and happy signals.

Answer 6

The cognitive compound of emotion is the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.

Answer 7

Fear Anger Happiness Surprise Joy Disgust Sadness

Answer 8

Fear guilt and pride

Answer 9

James Lange theory of emotion Cannon Bard theory of emotion Schachter Singer theory of emotion

Answer 10

According to the theory, a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled. I must be angry because my skin is hot to my blood pressure is high.

Answer 11

They severed a ferret nerves on cats to study the expression of emotion and its relationship to feedback from the sympathetic nervous system. They hypothesized that physiological arousal and feeling a motion occur at the same time, not in sequence. The Cannon bard theory of motion states that the conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, followed by the behavioral component of emotion. I see a snake, so I feel afraid in my heart is racing, let me out of here

Answer 12

The Schachter Singer theory of emotion (cognitive arousal theory, or the two factor theory) states that two factors (physiological arousal and cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion.

Answer 13

The most notable circuit of the brain regarding experiencing emotion is the limbic system. The Olympic system is a complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus. Made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex, it plays a large role in both motivation and emotion.

Answer 14

When specific areas of the Olympic system or stimulated during brain surgery, patients have described sensation such as happiness, contentment, and pleasure; in other areas, they report fear and anxiety.

Answer 15

Amygdala: small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Associated with fear and interpretation of facial expressions. Thalamus: preliminary sensory processing station and route information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain. Hypothalamus: located below, thalamus, synthesize and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. Largely dictates emotional states. Hippocampus: in the temporal lobe, involved in creating long-term memories. Memory can be divided into two categories: explicit and implicit. These are all parts of the limbic system

Answer 16

The hippocampus located within the temporal lobe is primarily involved in creating long-term memories. The storage and retrieval of emotional memories is key in producing an emotional response Memory systems can be divided into two categories: Explicit and implicit The hippocampus is part of the limbic system

Answer 17

The unconscious or implicit memory is referred to as emotional memory; this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.

Answer 18

Explicit memory system is primarily controlled by the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe Implicit memory system is controlled by the amygdala

Answer 19

Note that these are episodic memories: they are more properly considered memories about emotions than stored emotions. The conscious or explicit memory is the memory of experiencing the actual emotion. Remembering that you were happy at your graduation or that you were sad when you lost a loved one is an explicit memory. Primarily controlled by the hippocampus

Answer 20

The unconscious or implicit memory is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event. When experiencing a similar event later on, these emotions may be retrieved. Primarily controlled by the amygdala.

Answer 21

Explicit memory of the emotion produces a conscious memory of the experience, and implicit memory determines the expression of past emotions. Can be further identified when looking at individuals with post traumatic stress disorder: the explicit memory is the story of the event: what happened where it occurred who is involved the fact that the scenario was traumatic and so forth. The implicit memory corresponds to the sensations of unease and anxiety when put back into a similar environment. Explicit: hippocampus Implicit: amygdala

Answer 22

The ability to distinguish and interpret others facial expressions is primarily controlled by the temporal low, with some input from the occipital lobe. The right hemisphere is more active when discerning facial expressions than the left. Women demonstrate more activation of these brain areas than men.

Answer 23

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing, personality, and making decisions. The prefrontal cortex is a part of the limbic system

Answer 24

Dorothy Swain loaned me a book about Phineas Gage, a man involved in an accident in which a metal rod pierced his brain, destroying the left frontal lobe. His memory, speech, and motor skills were unaffected, but his personality was dramatically altered Post accident, he displayed irritable and in inpatient behavior, which inhibited his ability to complete simple tasks

Answer 25

Dorsal prefrontal cortex: associated with attention and cognition Ventral prefrontal cortex: connect with region of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion Ventral medial prefrontal cortex: place a role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala The prefrontal cortex is a part of the limbic system.

Answer 26

Specific physiological reactions are associated with specific emotions. Skin temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all affected when experiencing emotion.

Answer 27

It is our response to challenging events, be a physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral, that define stress. We must make decisions, overcome challenges, and continue forward. Some decisions are small, others require planning and adaptation to new circumstances Behavior of others, and the perception of our surroundings affect our behavior and mental state, at times in a negative manner

Answer 28

Cognitive appraisal is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. The primary appraisal is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat: irrelevant, benign positive, or stressful The secondary appraisal is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress (evaluates harm, threat, and challenge)

Answer 29

Primary appraisal: initial evaluation Secondary: appraisal evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress (evaluate harm, threat, and challenge)

Answer 30

The primary stage of stress appraisal is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat. Can be identified as irrelevant, the benign positive, or stressful

Answer 31

Secondary appraisal is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. Involves the evaluation of three things: Harm: damage caused by the event Threat: the potential for future damage caused by the event Challenge: the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

Answer 32

Individuals who perceive themselves having the ability to cope with the event experience less stressed than those who don’t In general, appraisal and stress, level or personal, as individuals have different skills, abilities, and coping mechanisms For example. The spider might insight fear and stress in some, it would result in irrelevant appraisal in others.

Answer 33

Some situations require ongoing monitoring through constant reappraisal, such as the perception of being followed.

Answer 34

A stressor is a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response. Environmental factors: uncomfortable temperature, loud sounds, inclement weather Daily events: running late, losing items, unexpected occurrences Workplace or academic settings: assignments, hierarchical interactions, time management Chemical and biological stressors: diet, alcohol, drugs, viruses, allergies, medications, medical conditions

Answer 35

Distress occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (threat) Eustress is the result of a positively perceived stressor (challenge)

Answer 36

Any event requiring individuals to change or adapt their lifestyle leads to stress. Stress level can be measured in “life stage units” in a system called the social readjustment rating scale

Answer 37

Stressors can be psychological Pressure, Control, predictability, frustration, and conflict are all forms of psychological stress

Answer 38

Conflict stresses arise from the need to make a choice. Approach – approach conflict refers to the need to choose between two desirable options Avoidance – avoidance conflict or choices between two negative options Approach – avoidance conflict, deal, with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative element.

Answer 39

When subject to a stress, the body initial initially responds via the sympathetic nervous system. The response initiates an increase in heart rate and decrease in digestion, with all available energy being reserved for reacting to a stressful event

Answer 40

The sequence of physiological responses is called the general adaptation syndrome. There are three distinct stages: Alarm: initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system Resistance: the continuous release of hormones allow the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged Exhaustion: the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity