Chapter 3: Learning amd Memory

Question 1

Habituation and dishabituation

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the two types of associative learning?

Answer 2

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning works because some stimuli cause an innate or reflexive physiological response.

Unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response.

Unconditioned response is the innate or reflexive response.

Conditioned stimulus: normally neutral stimulus that through association causes a reflexive response called a conditioned response.

The process of using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a condition stimulus is termed acquisition.

Question 4

How to tell between conditioned and unconditioned responses.

Answer 4

Question 5

Extinction and spontaneous recovery regarding classical conditioning

Answer 5

Question 6

Generalization regarding classical conditioning

Answer 6

Question 7

Stimuli discrimination regarding classical conditioning

Answer 7

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

Question 9

Positive reinforcers negative reinforcers regarding operant conditioning

Answer 9

Positive reinforcers increase the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive, following the desired behavior. (Money)

Negative reinforcers act similarly, and that they increase the frequency of a behavior, but they do so by removing something unpleasant. (taking an aspirin reduces a headache, so the next time you have a headache, you are more likely to take one)

Question 10

Is negative reinforcement punishment?

Answer 10

Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, remember that the frequency of the behavior is the distinguishing factor:

Any reinforcement, positive or negative, increases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed.

Question 11

Escape learning and avoidance learning regarding operant conditioning

SEAT BELTS

Answer 11

Escape learning describes the situation where the animal experience is the unpleasant stimulus and displays the desired behavior in order to trigger the removal of the stimulus.

Avoidance learning occurs when the animal displays the desired behavior in anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, therefore avoiding the unpleasant stimulus.

Avoidance learning often develops from multiple experiences of escape learning.

Question 12

Vehicle seatbelt warnings in a car as an example of escape, learning and avoidance learning.

Answer 12

Question 13

Primary reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, discriminative stimulus.

Use dog training as an example (food, clickers, trainers presence)

Answer 13

Question 14

Punishment, positive and negative

Answer 14

Question 15

Is negative reinforcement the same as positive punishment?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the four kinds of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 16

Question 17

What are fixed ratio schedules?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are variable ratio schedules

Answer 18

Question 19

What are fixed interval schedules?

Answer 19

Question 20

What are variable interval schedules?

Answer 20

Question 21

Of the four kinds of reinforcement schedules, which one works the fastest for learning a new behavior, and is also the most resistant to extinction?

Answer 21

Question 22

Graphing reinforcement schedules

Answer 22

Question 23

What is shaping regarding operant conditioning?

Answer 23

Shaping is the process of rewarding, increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to the desired response.

Question 24

Variable ratio mnemonic

Answer 24

Question 25

Why is gambling addiction so difficult to extinguish?

Answer 25

Question 26

What is latent learning?

Answer 26

Latent learning is learning that occurs without a reward, but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.

Question 27

Preparedness and instinctive drift regarding cognitive and biological factors in associative learning.

Answer 27

Question 28

What is observational learning? Bobo doll experiment (Albert Bandura)

Answer 28

Observational learning is the process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.

Question 29

Is observational learning simply imitation?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 30

Mirror neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire when an individual performs an action and when that individual observe someone else performing that action.

Question 31

Concept check 3.1

Answer 31

Question 32

What is encoding?

Answer 32

Encoding refers to the process of putting new information into memory.

Question 33

What is automatic processing and controlled processing?

Answer 33

Question 34

There are a few different ways we can encode the meaning of information when controlled processing is required. What are they and what is the most and least effective?

Answer 34

Question 35

Mnemonics, method of loci, peg word system, chunking

Answer 35

Chunking is a memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning. Example: enalpkcurtracssub into bus car truck plane

Question 36

Types of memory

Answer 36

Question 37

What is sensory memory?

Answer 37

Question 38

What is short-term memory? Where is it stored?

Answer 38

Question 39

What is working memory?

Answer 39

Question 40

What is long-term memory?

Answer 40

Question 41

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 41

Implicit memory: consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned responses, none of which need to be consciously recalled. Explicit memory: consist of those memories that require conscious recall.

Question 42

What is implicit memory?

Question 43

What is explicit memory?

Answer 43

Question 44

What are the type types of memory?

Answer 44

Question 45

What is the difference between recall and recognition regarding retrieval of memory?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is retrieval regarding memory? What is recognition and what is recall?

Answer 46

Question 47

What is the context effect? Source monitoring?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is state dependent memory (state dependent effect)?

Answer 48

Question 49

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 49

Question 50

What is amnesia? What is source amnesia?

Answer 50

Question 51

What is the most common disorder that leads to decline in memory?

Answer 51

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 52

What is dementia? What is cognitive function?

Answer 52

Dementia is the loss of cognitive function. Cognitive function refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, learning, and remembering. It encompasses a wide range of abilities, including attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. These functions allow individuals to process information, understand their environment, and make informed choices.

Question 53

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? What causes it? What is confabulation?

Answer 53

Question 54

What is agnosia?

Answer 54

Question 55

What is the curve of forgetting?

Answer 55

Question 56

What is interference regarding memory? Proactive and retroactive interference?

Answer 56

Question 57

What is the relationship between aging and memory?

Answer 57

Question 58

Describe memory reconstruction. Can the act recalling a memory result in the production of a false memory?

Answer 58

Reconstructive memory: we have, imagination, semantic memory, and Reproductive: video recording, we don’t have

Question 59

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 59

The misinformation effect is where a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information in the memory.

Question 60

What are intrusion errors? How do they differ from the misinformation effect?

Answer 60

Intrusion errors referred to false memories that have included a false detail into a particular memory.

Question 61

Real world example of Ronald Reagan, recalling a heroic World War II pilot, relating to source monitoring error.

Answer 61

Question 62

Concept check 3.2

Answer 62

Question 63

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 63

Question 64

Concept check 3.3

Answer 64

Question 65

Chapter 3 mastery question 1

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Question 66

Chapter 3 mastery question 2

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Question 67

Chapter 3 mastery question 3

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Question 68

Chapter 3 mastery question 4

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Question 69

Chapter 3 mastery question 5

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Question 70

Chapter 3 mastery question 6

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Question 71

Chapter 3 mastery question 7

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Question 72

Chapter 3 mastery question 8

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Question 73

Chapter 3 mastery question 9

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Question 74

Chapter 3 mastery question 10

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Question 75

Chapter 3 mastery question 11

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Question 76

Chapter 3 mastery question 12

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Question 77

Chapter 3 mastery question 13

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Question 78

Chapter 3 mastery question 14

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Question 79

Chapter 3 mastery question 15

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