Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Flashcards
What is our self-concept?
What is a self schema?
Who am I? Forms our self-concept.
Many of the ways in which we define ourselves fall under the classification of a self schema
For example: an athlete self schema usually carries youth, physical fitness, and dressing and acting in certain ways. Although these qualities certainly changed depending on culture, socioeconomic status, and personal beliefs.
What is identity?
Is identity the same as self-concept?
Sometimes self-concept and identity are used interchangeably, but psychologist generally use them to refer to different but closely related ideas.
Social scientists define identity as the individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
What are the types of identities focused on in the book?
Gender identity
Ethnic and national identity
There are more categories through which we evaluate our identity: age, class, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and so on.
What is gender identity?
What is androgyny?
What is undifferentiated?
Gender identity describes people’s appraisals of themselves on scales of masculinity and femininity.
Androgyny is defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
Undifferentiated are those who achieve low scores on both masculine and feminine scales
Is gender identity, necessarily tied to biological sex or sexual orientation?
Gender identity is not necessarily tied to biological sex or sexual orientation.
In some cultures, these concepts are seen as closely related, but they are fundamentally different tell me what you notice about the fruit we can see but it’s deep eating its way through a hole so you can see this circle right here as far as that mold among us and it was like in one day that’s how fast the fungus grew and its way through the fruit science experiment now which will be on. It looks like our experiment adding a variable I think that’s going to make it I think that’s gonna encourage The to.
This card is awesome. It caught me talking to Calvin about letting an orange decay on the counter as a lesson about fungus and mold growth. Favorite card for sure.
What is ethnic identity?
How does this differ from nationality?
Ethnic identity refers to the part of ones identity associated with membership in a particular racial/ethnic group.
Nationality is based on political borders.
Describe individuals who are transgender.
Referred to the DSM – 5 in 2013
Individuals who were transgender are those for whom gender identity does not match sex assigned at birth.
What is the DSM-5?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is a handbook for diagnosing mental disorders in adults and children. Published in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), it’s the primary reference guide for mental health professionals in the US. The DSM-5 includes descriptions, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria for many disorders, including depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, and substance abuse.
It is believed that our identities are organized according to a hierarchy of salience.
What does that mean?
A higher hierarchy of salience is such that we let the situations dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment.
For example, male and female college students in same gender groups are less likely to list gender in their self descriptions than students and mixed gender groups
Researchers have found that the more salient the identity, the more we conform to the role expectations of the identities
Salience is determined by the amount of work we have invested into the identity, the rewards and gratification associated with the identity, and the amount of self-esteem we have associated with the identity
What does self evaluation?
What is self discrepancy theory?
What is actual self? What is ideal self? What is ought self?
What is self-esteem?
Our individual self-concept plays a very important role in the way we evaluate and feel about ourselves
Self discrepancy theory maintains that each of us has three selves, and that perceived differences between these cells lead to negative feelings:
Our self-concept makes up our actual self: the way we see ourselves as we currently are
Our ideal self is the person we would like to be
Our ought self is our representation of the way others think we should be
The closer these three cells are to one another, the higher, our self-esteem or self-worth will be
What is high self-esteem?
What is low self-esteem?
High Self-esteem or self-worth is higher when our actual self, ideal self, and ought self are closely related.
Low self-esteem don’t necessarily view themselves is worthless, but they will be far more critical of themselves. They take criticism from others poorly, and typically believe that people will only accept them if they are successful. More likely to use drug drugs, be pessimistic, and to give up.
What is self efficacy?
How does that differ from self-esteem?
Self-esteem is the measure of how we feel about ourselves
Self efficacy is our belief in our ability to succeed
What is overconfidence?
What is learned helplessness?
Overconfidence can lead us to take on our tasks for which we are not ready, leading to frustration, humiliation, or sometimes even personal injury
Learned helplessness is when self efficacy is depressed; an individual can develop a perceived lack of control over the outcome of a situation, called learned helplessness
Relate esteem, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Remember that esteem is one of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, number four in priority
What is locus of control?
Locus of control is another course self evaluation that is closely related to self-concept
Locus of control refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
Internal locus of control view themselves as controlling their own fate
External locus of control feel that the events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences
Example: a runner who loses a race me attribute the cause of the loss internally (I didn’t train hard enough) or externally (my shoes didn’t fit in the track was wet)
Regarding self-esteem, self efficacy, locus of control, how would you describe the happiest among us?
The happiest among us are those who have high self-esteem, view themselves as effective people, feel that they are in control of their destinies, and see themselves living up to their own expectations of who they would like to be.
How are locus of control and cognitive dissonance integral to attribution theory?
Locus of control and cognitive dissonance or integral to attribution theory.
In order to preserve self-esteem, we often see our successes as a direct results of our efforts and our failures as a result of uncontrollable outside influences (absolution theory is discussed in chapter 10, this is just an interesting card for now)
Concept check 6.1
Are we born with our self-concept and identity in place and fully developed?
Recall drive reduction theory.
How do Freud’s stages of psychosexual development share principles with driver reduction theory?
What are Freud stages of psychosexual development?
What is Sigmund Freud known for?
Psychosexual development
Positive that human psychology and human sexuality were inextricably linked
Are you that sex drive, or libido, is present at birth
Believed that libidinal energy in the drive to reduce libidinal tension where the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological processes
More on Freud.
Fixation, neurosis, oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage (oedipal stage), electra conflict.
More on Freud
Sublimates, penis envy, latency stage, genital stage.
