chapter 5 membranes

Question 1

lets some substance enter easier than others.

Answer 1

selectively permeable

Question 2

molecules have thermal energy due to their _____ movement. Diffusion is one of these motions, which is the tendency for particle to spread out in a particular available space.

Answer 2

constant movement

Question 3

diffusion is an example of what transport?

Answer 3

passive

Question 4

True or false.
ions and polar molecules can also diffuse across a hydrophobic membrane if they are moving DOWN (from high con. to low con.) their concentration gradient or with the help of transport proteins

Answer 4

True

Question 5

important substance that passes by passive transport is what?

Answer 5

water

Question 6

this is when water moves through the a membrane to essentially equal out the solute concentration

Answer 6

osmosis

Question 7

define tonicity

Answer 7

to cause a cell to lose or gain water, which mainly depends on its concentration of solutes relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell

Question 8

when the solute solution concentration is lower than of the cell (red blood cell) so the cell gain water and swell and may potentially burst

Answer 8

hypotonic

Question 9

this is when the solution has a higher solute concentration, the cell will shrivel up and die from the water loss.

Answer 9

hypertonic

Question 10

the control of water balance

Answer 10

osmoregulation

Question 11

facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport because it does not require energy. This is when hydrophilic molecules and ions require the help what?

Answer 11

transport proteins

Question 12

another kind of protein is what? this specific protein binds to its passenger changes shape and releases it on the other side which moves own its concetration gradient?

Answer 12

carrier protein

Question 13

water can rapidly diffuse through a membrane due to the protein channel called what? this is also found in the lining of your kidneys, and red blood cells

Answer 13

aquaporin

Question 14

when a cell moves through a membrane against its concentration gradient from low to high. with the use of energy

Answer 14

active transport

Question 15

two basic forms of energy

Answer 15

kinetic and potential energy

Question 16

the capacity to cause change, to do work

Answer 16

energy

Question 17

energy of motion, moving objects perform work by transferring motion or other matter

Answer 17

kinetic energy

Question 18

is a kind of kinetic energy that’s associated with random movements of moelcules and atoms

Answer 18

thermal energy

Question 19

transfer of thermal energy from one object to another is called

Answer 19

heat

Question 20

is light potential or kinetic energy?

Answer 20

kinetic energy

Question 21

energy that matter posses as a result of its location or structure

Answer 21

potential energy

Question 22

the potential energy available for the release in a chemical reaction. Can be used to power the work of a cell

Answer 22

chemical energy

Question 23

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Answer 23

thermodynamics

Question 24

what is the first law, in other words, law of energy conservation

Answer 24

the energy in the universe is constant, can be transferred but never be destroyed

Question 25

when energy is transferred, it sometimes becomes unavailable to do work, which has been converted into what energy?

Answer 25

thermal energy

Question 26

how do you measure the randomness or disorder?

Answer 26

using a entropy

Question 27

what is the second law?

Answer 27

every energy conversion increases the entropy of the universe

Question 28

name the two types of chemical reactions

Answer 28

exergonic and endergonic

Question 29

define ‘the reactants’

Answer 29

contain more potential energy then in the products

Question 30

releases energy amounting to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and products

Answer 30

reactions

Question 31

what is endergonic?

Answer 31

requiring energy and yielding products rich in potential energy

Question 32

the products will contain more chemical energy then the reactants did due to what?

Answer 32

absorption of energy

Question 33

series of chemical reactions that either build or break a complex molecule into simpler compounds. Slow burn of cellular respiration is an example.

Answer 33

metabolic pathway

Question 34

the use of energy released by exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions

Answer 34

energy coupling

Question 35

when atp isbroken what does it become?

Answer 35

ADP, and the energy is released

Question 36

how does it couple this reaction to an endergonic reaction?

Answer 36

the phosphate often goes to another ATP group and is known as phosphorylation, which depends on ATP energizing molecules by doing just this.

Question 37

what’s driven by ATP?

Answer 37

the chemical, the mechanical, and transport work of a cell

In chemical: phosphorylation of reactants provides energy to drive the endergonic synthesis

In transport: ATP drives the active transport of solutes through a membrane against the concentration gradient (by phosphorylating transport proteins.

In mechanical: contraction can occur when hydrolysis of ATP attaches a special motor proteins in muscle cells, which cause the protein to change shape and pull of filaments as well.

Question 38

How ATP power cellular work:

Answer 38

1. ATP synthesis requires energy
   2.ATP is present
2. ATP is hydrolysis releases energy (energy from the cellular work departs)
3. ADP+ P
   5.Energy from the cellular respiration enters
   6.Start from the beginning

Question 39

rich in potential energy

Answer 39

proteins, carbons, lipids

Question 40

when energy must be absorbed to weaker bonds in reactants molecules so they can break and new bonds can form

Answer 40

activation energy

Question 41

how do you speed up reactions?

Answer 41

by adding heat

Question 42

chemical the interferes with an enzyme’s activity

Answer 42

inhibitor

Question 43

reduce enzymes productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

Answer 43

competitive inhibitors

Question 44

does not enter the active site, binds elsewhere. When it binds changes shape of the enzyme and the active site doesn’t fit the substrate anymore.

Answer 44

non competitive inhibitor

Question 45

if a cell is producing too much of a product , that product can act as an inhibitor for one of the enzymes early in the pathway- this sort of inhibition is called ________

Answer 45

feedback inhibition