chapter 10 dna and rna are polymers of nucleotides

Question 1

dna and its close chemical cousin rna are called_______, consisting of its long chain ____ of chemical units monomers called _______

Answer 1

nucleic acids, polymers, nucleotides

Question 2

Dna polynucleotide is a

Answer 2

nucleotide plymer chain

Question 3

What are different nitrogen containing bases?

Answer 3

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Question 4

Can nucleotides can occur in a polynucleotide in any sequence since it is very long?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

The nucleotides are joined to one another by a _______ bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate in even more detail

Answer 5

covalent

Question 6

the primary function of dna is to encode and store genetic information, thereby acting as the molecular

Answer 6

basis of heredity

Question 7

its genetic makeup its heritable information contained in the sequence of nucleotide bases in dna

Answer 7

genotype

Question 8

The molecular “chain of command” is from DNA in the nucleus of the cell to RNA to protein synthesis in the _____

Answer 8

cytoplasm

Question 9

The two main stages of protein synthesis are

Answer 9

1) Transcription
2)Translation

Question 10

A process wit nucleic acid language of DNA has been rewritten as a sequence of bases in RNA.

Answer 10

transcribed

Question 11

This carries genetic information from DNA.

Answer 11

MRNA

Question 12

True or false. There is a change in language from the nucleotide sequence of the rna to the amino acid sequence of polypeptide

Answer 12

false

Question 13

What is transcription?

Answer 13

Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

Question 14

What is a promoter?

Answer 14

The transcription enzyme RNA polymerase moves along the gene, forming a new RNA strand by following the base pair rules

Question 15

Acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase and determines where the transcription starts.

Answer 15

Promoter

Question 16

What is a terminator?

Answer 16

RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides until it reaches a sequence of DNA bases.Signalling the end of the gene.

Question 17

What is mRNa?

Answer 17

encodes amino acid sequence, because it conveys genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell.

Question 18

most genes of plants and animals include such internal non-coding regions, which are called

Answer 18

introns

Question 19

the coding regions- the parts of a gene that are expressed

Answer 19

exons

Question 20

the short noncoding regions just inside cap and tail are considered parts of the last exon, this cutting and pasting process is called

Answer 20

RNA splicing

Question 21

RNA splicing also provides a means to produce..

Answer 21

multiple polypeptides from a single gene

Question 22

Describe translation

Answer 22

translation is conversion between different language from the nucleic acid language to the protein language and it involves more elaborate machinery than transcription.

Question 23

what is the function tRNA?

Answer 23

to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome.

Question 24

what are the two functions of tRNA?

Answer 24

1) picking up the appropriate amino acids
2) recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

Question 25

the final components in translation are the _________

Answer 25

ribosomes
-the structure that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA and catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides.

Question 26

what are the three phases of transcription?

Answer 26

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

Question 27

what are the three phases of translation?

Answer 27

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

Question 28

What is initiation in translation?

Answer 28

Brings together the mRNA a tRNA bearing the first amino acid, and the two subunits of ribosome.

Question 29

True or false.
The initiation process establishes exactly where translation will begin, ensuring that the mRNa codons are translated into the correct sequence of amino acids.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Initiation occurs in two steps, what are they?

Answer 30

1) An mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, tRNA base pairs with specific codon, called the start codon.
2) The initiator tRNA carries the amino acid methionine its anticodon UAC, base pairs with the start codon,AUG

Question 31

The initiator tRNA fits into a tRNA binding site on the ribosome, because of what site?

Answer 31

P site

Question 32

describe the process of by which the information in a eukaryotic gene is transcribed and translated into a protein

Answer 32

a gene is the polynucleotide sequence with the information for making one polypeptide.

Transcription occurs within the RNA polymerase process RNA using one strand of DNA as a template.

Eukaryotic cells= the RNA is processed a cap and tail are added, and RNA splicing removes introns and links exons together to form a continous coding sequences.

A ribosome is the site-of translation, or polypeptide synthesis, and tRNA molecules serve as interpreters of the genetic code.

Each folded tRNA has an amino acid attached at one end and a three-base anticodon at the other end.

translation stops at a stop codon.