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Human Behavior in the Social Environment > Chapter 5 Lenses for Conceptualizing Problems and Interventions: Social Change Dimensions > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Lenses for Conceptualizing Problems and Interventions: Social Change Dimensions Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

refers to biological differences among groups of people

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2
Q

Racism

A

sociological and other ideological processes that promote differential treatment of racial and ethnic groups in interpersonal and institutional interactions, including stereotyping people based on their race

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3
Q

biological racism

A

promotes the notion that white people are genetically superior to non-white people

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4
Q

colorism

A

the idea that within racial or ethnic groups, lighter skin color is superior to darker skin color

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5
Q

pigmentocracy

A

different racial or ethnic groups have different social statuses based on their skin color

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6
Q

Individual racism

A

micro-level: negative attitudes and beliefs that people hold about persons from other groups that usually result in actions such as name-calling, ostracizing, or even the violence played out in hate crimes

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7
Q

Institutional racism

A

macro-level: actions that occur in social institutions that benefit members of the racial majority group and discriminate against the minority group

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8
Q

Cultural racism

A

macro-level: views the disadvantages faced by minoritized ethnic groups as caused by the behaviors, philosophies , and ways of living that are rooted in their particular cultures

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9
Q

Environmental racism

A

macro-level: stems from institutional and structural policies and practices that differentially impact the health and living conditions of racial and ethnic groups (Flint, Michigan, water crisis)

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

the prejudgment and negative treatment of people based on identifiable characteristics such as race, gender, religion, or ethnicity

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11
Q

Prejudice

A

the attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that a person holds about others

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12
Q

implicit bias

A

unconscious attitudes and stereotypes we hold that affect our perceptions of others

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13
Q

privilege

A

the advantages that a dominant group in society has

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14
Q

white privilege

A

the advantages enjoyed by individuals categorized as white

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15
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

the tendency to be highly sensitive to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas and therefore prone to prejudice

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16
Q

Displaced aggression

A

Attacks by a dominant group or member of that group on a weaker, less powerful group when the cause of the frustration cannot be attacked because it is viewed as too powerful

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17
Q

Projection

A

allows people to deny owning uncomfortable feelings or perceived negative characteristics by pointing out these same negative characteristics in others

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18
Q

Vicious cycle

A

the process of creating and perpetuating a condition merely by assuming it to be true

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19
Q

attribution theory

A

this theory attempts to explain how we perceive and make judgments about others; suggests that we maintain positive thoughts about people like us and place blame on groups different from our own

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20
Q

Internal/dispositional attributions

A

suggest that people’s behaviors are caused by something inherent in individuals, such as their personality, motives, or qualities

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21
Q

attributions

A

the inferences people make about their own and others’ behavior

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22
Q

situational attributions

A

suggest that behaviors are caused by situational factors, often outside of one’s control

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23
Q

Social learning theory

A

people are socialized to think and behave in certain ways

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24
Q

Socialization

A

the process through which we learn to value some characteristics, ideas, and behaviors more than others

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25
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Marx theory: a competitive society creates conditions in which some groups perceive themselves to be superior, leading to the exploitation of perceived inferior groups

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26
Q

Explanation for prejudice: religion

A

In some cases, believing that a particular religion is “correct” can lead to feelings of superiority and the condemnation of others who believe otherwise

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27
Q

Explanation for prejudice: history

A

Historical oppression has consequences for the way in which members of oppressed groups are viewed (ex: African-Americans being viewed a inferior due to enslavement)

28
Q

oppression

A

the social act of placing severe restrictions on an individual, group, or institution

29
Q

primary oppression

A

perpetrated by the dominant group directly against an oppressed group

30
Q

secondary oppression

A

perpetrated by people who remain silent in the face of, and benefit from, oppression by others

31
Q

tertiary oppression

A

perpetrated by members of an oppressed group when they seek acceptance by supporting the dominant group’s oppressive acts

32
Q

anti-oppression model

A

goal is to eliminate all oppression by transforming society and all its social structures, creating equity, inclusion, and social justice for everyone, regardless of individual situations

33
Q

critiques of theories of racism, discrimination and oppression

A
  • there is no coherent theory to organize the information that exists on race, discrimination, oppression, and issues of diversity
  • social workers cannot distinctly or consistently define factors of diversity, nor can they empirically test these factors
34
Q

microaggressions

A

intentional and unintentional derogatory insults and slights that are communicated verbally, behaviorally, or through the environment, to people of target groups

35
Q

microassaults

A

deliberate, conscious, biased, derogatory messages sent to target groups, either interpersonally or through the environment

36
Q

microinsults

A

subtle, unconscious slights that take place interpersonally or through the environment (ex: irrelevant descriptors such as “the intelligent female doctor” or “the intelligent African-American lawyer”)

37
Q

microinvalidations

A

unconscious messages that are meant to exclude or negate the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the target group (ex: a co-worker telling a female colleague to “stop being so emotional” when she’s angry over an injustice that occurred in the workplace)

38
Q

environmental microaggressions

A

the demeaning and threatening messages that are communicated to marginalized groups through our environment (embedded in our policies, institutions, and culture)

39
Q

social justice

A

the basic premise is that all humans have a right to live fulfilling lives, which requires access to appropriate resources (economic and otherwise), decision-making opportunities, and freedom from fear of persecution

40
Q

distributive justice

A

concerned with what a society “owes” its members; communities should support their members in social, economic, and other important ways that promote their wellbeing

41
Q

libertarian perspective

A

Government and other dominant institutions should have only a limited role in human affairs

42
Q

Utilitarian approach

A

justice is made up of beliefs and policies that support the “greatest good for the greatest number of people”

43
Q

critiques of social and economic justice perspectives

A
  • defining and testing concepts related to justice can be difficult
  • designing and implementing interventions using these perspectives can be difficult since they lack clear, definable constructs to offer guidance to social workers
44
Q

social action

A

efforts to modify societal institutions to meet needs, resolve issues, achieve social and economic justice, and provide for the well-being of society’s members

45
Q

advocacy

A

entails representing or defending the rights of clients or other vulnerable constituencies

46
Q

social movements

A

efforts conducted on a large scale to produce changes that affect people’s lives

47
Q

settlement houses

A

provided organized programs that addressed nutrition, literacy, daycare, and other needs

48
Q

New Deal

A

occurred during the Great Depression; initiated by FDR; created many social programs such as Social Security and Aid to Families with Dependent Children

49
Q

political opportunities perspectives

A

views political structures as benefiting only elites who have access to power and resources that are needed to maintain or change social institutions

50
Q

Mobilizing structures perspective

A

promotes the idea that disenfranchised groups can organize and use existing resources to initiate change

51
Q

informal channels

A

when people gather in a community to take on tasks

52
Q

formal channels

A

when people enlist the help of professionals who are in positions of power

53
Q

social movement organizations (SMOs)

A

often set up under the auspices of these organizations to tackle specific issues through the delivery of direct services

54
Q

cultural framing perspective

A

suggests that social movements are successful only when those in a group striving toward change agree on the purpose or issue behind the movement; emphasizes that people’s interactions are crucial in defining the issue and in raising awareness of the problems associated with the issue

55
Q

critiques of social change and social action perspectives

A
  • many of the concepts related to social action and change can be difficult to articulate
  • because these concepts are being discussed in so many different contexts and disciplines, consensus on meanings can be difficult to achieve
56
Q

Charity Organization Society (COS)

A

was created to coordinate service efforts and to plan for how best to meet community needs

57
Q

community definition

A

a group of people who are bound together through geography (territorial community) or common ties such as values, beliefs, and culture (relational community)

58
Q

Community as the milieu in which practice actually occurs

A

focuses on the community as a unique, living entity; the community has the resources to solve it’s own problems

59
Q

community as the change target

A

assessment and intervention are typically conducted by social workers and others from outside the community rather than by the community members themselves

60
Q

Community as a mechanism for change

A

social workers help to support change efforts by guiding members through the assessment and intervention process

61
Q

perspectives of social workers of communities and approaches in their work with them (4)

A
  • Physical and other properties such as the community’s geographical location, population distribution, and rules and regulations
  • Level of commitment shown by community members and the relationships that members have with their community
  • Systems with unique norms, symbols, cultures, and interactions among community members (similar to systems theory)
  • Power structures in communities and the ways in which community members control assets and compete for resources
62
Q

Locality development model/community development

A

uses the skills of community members to approach problems from the local level; social workers are not the main change agents

63
Q

social planning model

A

relies on social workers to act as experts who take the lead in developing change strategies; focuses on the process of problem-solving, assuming that only social workers or other professionals have the expertise to guide this process

64
Q

Social action model

A

maintains that community members must be empowered to initiate changes for themselves and their communities; community members are active agents in the change process

65
Q

Saul Alinsky

A

was concerned with how community members become oppressed and disconnected from the functions of their communities

66
Q

Alinsky argued that community change occurs through which strategies (3)?

A
  • build power among community members
  • Generate methods that are representative of the needs of the group
  • contribute to positive conflict resolution
67
Q

Critiques of Community Organization Theory

A
  • the increase in the number of theories and perspectives dealing with this aspect of macro practice has produced increased inconsistency within and among approaches
  • inconsistency within and among the various approaches has led to problems in fairly and effectively comparing them as well as in evaluating their outcomes

Human Behavior in the Social Environment (12 decks)

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