Ch. 8 Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Middle childhood

Answer 1

the age range of five or six to approximately 11 years old, is a time when growth and development in most children continue at a steady, consistent pace, particularly in the areas of physical, cognitive, and motor skills

Question 2

schemas

Answer 2

or frameworks for organizing information, as they grow older, which helps them incorporate increasing amounts of information

Question 3

Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 3

emphasizes what people encounter in their environment as well as how they adapt to their environment

Question 4

componential intelligence

Answer 4

akin to the usual way we think about intelligence, based in the way people process and analyze information. This component focuses on the way people formulate ideas, argue points, and evaluate results

Question 5

experiential intelligence

Answer 5

focuses on how people perform tasks. describes how people bring in new information and incorporate it into what they already know to solve problems

Question 6

contextual intelligence

Answer 6

stresses the practical side of a person’s intelligence. emphasizes a person’s ability to adapt to new situations and to successfully navigate in different environments. “street smarts”

Question 7

multiple intelligences

Answer 7

states that individuals can possess competencies in many areas, including the linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, and natural

Question 8

emotional intelligence

Answer 8

involves characteristics such as empathy, motivation, and self-awareness (can be good and bad)

Question 9

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

Answer 9

first developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet in 1905 to identify children with learning problems

Question 10

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 10

calculated by dividing a person’s mental age by her or his chronological age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

Question 11

Wechsler scales

Answer 11

Developed by David Wechsler to test three different age groups: 4-6 1/2 years, 6-16 years, and adults 17+. These scales provide an overall IQ score as well as two separate scores on verbal and performance IQ

Question 12

Eurocentric

Answer 12

criticism of IQ test that they test for people’s abilities to perform in ways that follow standards of the white majority, which are deemed the only valid standards

Question 13

Learning disabilities

Answer 13

defined as problems among children who demonstrate normal or above normal intelligence and who show no signs of developmental disability, but who struggle in some area of their academic performance

Question 14

dyslexia

Answer 14

results in severe reading and spelling impairments

Question 15

mainstreaming

Answer 15

keeping children with learning disabilities in the classroom with others who do not demonstrate disabilities

Question 16

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 16

characterized by consistent displays of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 17

sluggish cognitive tempo

Answer 17

characterized by lethargy, daydreaming, and slow mental processing

Question 18

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 18

fear of meeting new people or of embarrassing oneself in social situations

Question 19

Separation anxiety disorder

Answer 19

unreasonable fear of separating from home or primary caregivers

Question 20

Panic disorder

Answer 20

Unpredictable and repeated panic attacks, often marked by hyperventilating and increased heart rate

Question 21

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 21

Generalized panic or anxiety due to witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event

Question 22

Phobia

Answer 22

Unreasonable fear of specific triggers such as dogs, spiders, air travel, or large crowds

Question 23

Peer Groups

Answer 23

consist of children of roughly the same age, are a part of children’s immediate environment that can have lasting effects on their development

Question 24

Parten’s Categories of Play

Answer 24

Unoccupied, Solitary, Onlooker, Parallel, Associative, Cooperative

Question 25

Parten’s Categories of Play: Unoccupied

Answer 25

Child appears to be standing around, not doing anything, or engaging in movements or activities that seem to lack a goal or purpose.

Question 26

Parten’s Categories of Play: Solitary

Answer 26

Play that involves solitary or independent activities. Child is often unconcerned with what others are doing.

Question 27

Parten’s Categories of Play: Onlooker

Answer 27

Type of play in which child observes the play of others. The child might ask questions or seem interested in others’ play but does not participate

Question 28

Parten’s Categories of Play: Parallel

Answer 28

Play that occurs simultaneously but separately from play of other children

Question 29

Parten’s Categories of Play: Associative

Answer 29

Type of play that involves a great deal of social interaction with other children, but play is still very individualistic

Question 30

Parten’s Categories of Play: Cooperative

Answer 30

Play that includes social interaction with organized activity and a sense of group identity. Children share a purpose in play and work toward a common goal.

Question 31

Discipline: Collaborative and proactive solutions

Answer 31

formerly known as collaborative problem-solving, an evidenced-based approach informed by Adlerian, medical, and cognitive-behavioral concepts. Idea is that children inherently want to feel belonging and competency in their environment

Question 32

Corporal punishment

Answer 32

the use of physical punishment, particularly spanking, on children

Question 33

Blended families

Answer 33

remarried or re-partnered parents bring together two sets of children

Question 34

Screen dependency disorders

Answer 34

consist of screen-related addictive behaviors associated with abnormal neural tissue development and function as well as impaired impulse control and neurological reward processing

Question 35

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Answer 35

the setting in which education for students with disabilities takes place is as similar and equal to that of other students as possible

Question 36

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Answer 36

mandated that all children with disabilities have access to free and appropriate education

Question 37

School vouchers

Answer 37

certificates that can be used to pay for schools of parents’ choosing