Ch. 6 Pre-Pregnancy and Prenatal Issues Flashcards
gestational age
the age of the fetus is based on the start of a woman’s last menstrual period, or LMP
fertilization or conception age
calculated fetal age based on the date of conception
Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month one
Primitive brain, heart, lungs, and digestive and nervous system development by end of month one; beginnings of arms and legs
Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month Two
- Internal organs become more complex
- Eyes, nose, and mouth become identifiable
- Heartbeat is detectable
- Referred to as an embryo up until 8 weeks, after which it is called a fetus
Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month Three
- Formation of arms, hands, legs, feet, fingernails, hair, and eyelids
- Fingerprints are established
- Gender is distinguishable (though it may not be seen via ultrasound until around 16 weeks)
- Bone development
- Can smile, frown, suck, and swallow
- End of first trimester, fetus is about three inches long and weighs about one ounce
Milestones in Fetal Development: Second Trimester
Weeks 14-27
- All development continues; differentiation of organs and systems proceeds
- Toes and fingers separate
- Fingernails and toenails form
- Has coordinated movement
- Hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows are present
- Regular heartbeat is established
- End of second trimester, fetus is 11 to 14 inches long and weighs 1-1 1/2 pounds
Milestones in Fetal Development: Third Trimester
Weeks 28-40
- Completed development, organs become functional
- Fatty tissue develops under skin
- Fetus is very active until time of delivery
- Responds to sound
- End of third trimester, fetus is 19 inches long and weighs about 6+ pounds
preterm
babies born three weeks or more before the pregnancy reaches full term (35 weeks or less)
the age of viability
the age at which babies are able to survive - 25-26 weeks
low birth weight
babies who weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth
very low birth weight
babies who weigh less than 3 pounds at birth
extremely low birth weight
babies who weigh less than 2 pounds at birth
birth defect
a structural or physiological abnormality present at birth that causes disability or death (varies by ethnic group)
teratogens
hazards that are not naturally occurring - can cause birth defects
Hazards to prenatal development: Psychoactive Drugs
Alcohol, Nicotine, Illegal drugs (cocaine, marijuana, heroine)
Hazards to prenatal development: Incompatible blood types
Rh positive/Rh negative
Hazards to prenatal development: Environmental toxins
Radiation, pesticides, chemicals, emissions
Hazards to prenatal development: Maternal and paternal factors
Disease (rubella, syphilis, herpes, AIDS, toxoplasmosis), nutrition, stress, age, genetic abnormalities
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a cluster of characteristics that occur in some infants who have been exposed to alcohol prenatally
Down syndrome
occurs when a fetus has an extra chromosome attached to chromosome pair number 21; aka trisomy 21
spina bifida
(aka open spine) a defect that affects the backbone and sometimes the spinal cord. Happens when the neural tube - the embryonic structure that forms into the brain and spinal cord - does not close completely during development
ultrasound
uses sound waves to capture images of the fetus and can offer views of basic anatomy
amniocentesis
a test that uses a small amount of amniotic fluid to discover birth defects
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
an exam that uses tissue samples from the placenta to determine whether birth defects are present
Birthing methods, options, and classes
Locations and Procedures: Hospitals, freestanding birthing centers, and home births
Education: Hospital classes, Bradley method, Lamaze method, Hypnosis/hypnobirthing
C-Sections
involve an incision in the abdomen to deliver the baby
episiotomy
a procedure in which the doctor makes an incision in the perineum to avoid tearing during childbirth (not as common anymore)
doulas
assistants who provide physical, emotional, and informational support to women during the pre- and post-labor process
certified midwives
registered nurses who have completed graduate-level programs in midwifery
open adoption
arrangement that permits the biological parents, in collaboration with the adoptive family, to visit and communicate with their children
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(From bottom up)
- Physiological needs (food, water, nutrients, oxygen, rest)
- Safety needs (Shelter, security, stability, predictability, absence of fear, threat, chaos)
- Belongingness and Love Needs (love, intimacy, belonging, acceptability)
- Esteem Needs (self-respect, respect of others, attention, appreciation, achievement
- Self-actualization needs (Self-acceptance, search for order and justice, effective problem solving, complex morals and values)
The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993
allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid time off from work within a 12-month period for the birth or adoption of a child, to care for a sick family member, or serious health problems
International family planning
support for policies in foreign - and usually less-developed - countries that provide funds for abortions, birth control, reproductive health, and other family services
