Ch. 6 Pre-Pregnancy and Prenatal Issues

Question 1

gestational age

Answer 1

the age of the fetus is based on the start of a woman’s last menstrual period, or LMP

Question 2

fertilization or conception age

Answer 2

calculated fetal age based on the date of conception

Question 3

Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month one

Answer 3

Primitive brain, heart, lungs, and digestive and nervous system development by end of month one; beginnings of arms and legs

Question 4

Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month Two

Answer 4

• Internal organs become more complex
• Eyes, nose, and mouth become identifiable
• Heartbeat is detectable
• Referred to as an embryo up until 8 weeks, after which it is called a fetus

Question 5

Milestones in Fetal Development: First Trimester - Month Three

Answer 5

• Formation of arms, hands, legs, feet, fingernails, hair, and eyelids
• Fingerprints are established
• Gender is distinguishable (though it may not be seen via ultrasound until around 16 weeks)
• Bone development
• Can smile, frown, suck, and swallow
• End of first trimester, fetus is about three inches long and weighs about one ounce

Question 6

Milestones in Fetal Development: Second Trimester

Answer 6

Weeks 14-27

• All development continues; differentiation of organs and systems proceeds
• Toes and fingers separate
• Fingernails and toenails form
• Has coordinated movement
• Hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows are present
• Regular heartbeat is established
• End of second trimester, fetus is 11 to 14 inches long and weighs 1-1 1/2 pounds

Question 7

Milestones in Fetal Development: Third Trimester

Answer 7

Weeks 28-40

• Completed development, organs become functional
• Fatty tissue develops under skin
• Fetus is very active until time of delivery
• Responds to sound
• End of third trimester, fetus is 19 inches long and weighs about 6+ pounds

Question 8

preterm

Answer 8

babies born three weeks or more before the pregnancy reaches full term (35 weeks or less)

Question 9

the age of viability

Answer 9

the age at which babies are able to survive - 25-26 weeks

Question 10

low birth weight

Answer 10

babies who weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth

Question 11

very low birth weight

Answer 11

babies who weigh less than 3 pounds at birth

Question 12

extremely low birth weight

Answer 12

babies who weigh less than 2 pounds at birth

Question 13

birth defect

Answer 13

a structural or physiological abnormality present at birth that causes disability or death (varies by ethnic group)

Question 14

teratogens

Answer 14

hazards that are not naturally occurring - can cause birth defects

Question 15

Hazards to prenatal development: Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 15

Alcohol, Nicotine, Illegal drugs (cocaine, marijuana, heroine)

Question 16

Hazards to prenatal development: Incompatible blood types

Answer 16

Rh positive/Rh negative

Question 17

Hazards to prenatal development: Environmental toxins

Answer 17

Radiation, pesticides, chemicals, emissions

Question 18

Hazards to prenatal development: Maternal and paternal factors

Answer 18

Disease (rubella, syphilis, herpes, AIDS, toxoplasmosis), nutrition, stress, age, genetic abnormalities

Question 19

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 19

a cluster of characteristics that occur in some infants who have been exposed to alcohol prenatally

Question 20

Down syndrome

Answer 20

occurs when a fetus has an extra chromosome attached to chromosome pair number 21; aka trisomy 21

Question 21

spina bifida

Answer 21

(aka open spine) a defect that affects the backbone and sometimes the spinal cord. Happens when the neural tube - the embryonic structure that forms into the brain and spinal cord - does not close completely during development

Question 22

ultrasound

Answer 22

uses sound waves to capture images of the fetus and can offer views of basic anatomy

Question 23

amniocentesis

Answer 23

a test that uses a small amount of amniotic fluid to discover birth defects

Question 24

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 24

an exam that uses tissue samples from the placenta to determine whether birth defects are present

Question 25

Birthing methods, options, and classes

Answer 25

Locations and Procedures: Hospitals, freestanding birthing centers, and home births

Education: Hospital classes, Bradley method, Lamaze method, Hypnosis/hypnobirthing

Question 26

C-Sections

Answer 26

involve an incision in the abdomen to deliver the baby

Question 27

episiotomy

Answer 27

a procedure in which the doctor makes an incision in the perineum to avoid tearing during childbirth (not as common anymore)

Question 28

doulas

Answer 28

assistants who provide physical, emotional, and informational support to women during the pre- and post-labor process

Question 29

certified midwives

Answer 29

registered nurses who have completed graduate-level programs in midwifery

Question 30

open adoption

Answer 30

arrangement that permits the biological parents, in collaboration with the adoptive family, to visit and communicate with their children

Question 31

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 31

(From bottom up)

• Physiological needs (food, water, nutrients, oxygen, rest)
• Safety needs (Shelter, security, stability, predictability, absence of fear, threat, chaos)
• Belongingness and Love Needs (love, intimacy, belonging, acceptability)
• Esteem Needs (self-respect, respect of others, attention, appreciation, achievement
• Self-actualization needs (Self-acceptance, search for order and justice, effective problem solving, complex morals and values)

Question 32

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993

Answer 32

allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid time off from work within a 12-month period for the birth or adoption of a child, to care for a sick family member, or serious health problems

Question 33

International family planning

Answer 33

support for policies in foreign - and usually less-developed - countries that provide funds for abortions, birth control, reproductive health, and other family services