Chapter 5 intercom Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

symbolic; only arbitrary connection between words and the ideas or things to which they refer; the indirect relationship between symbols and the things they represent lead to communication problems— because no one uses symbols in the same way.

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2
Q

semantic rules

A

the ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol, usually a word; with out these rules, communication would be impossible, because each of us would use symbols in unique ways, without sharing meaning

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3
Q

equivocal language

A

statements that have more than one commonly accepted definition…. “Family Catches Fire Just in Time”; “Man Stuck on Toilet; Stool Suspected”

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4
Q

relative language

A

these words gain their meaning by comparison; words such as fast, slow, stupid, smart, etc

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5
Q

static evaluation

A

statements that contain or imply the word “is” lead to the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging

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6
Q

abstract language

A

language that is vague in nature; can cause people to think in generalities instead of uniqueness.

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7
Q

behavioral language

A

refers to specific things that people do or say

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8
Q

syntactic rules

A

govern the grammar of a language

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9
Q

pragmatic rules

A

help us decide how to interpret messages in a given context; govern the way speech operates in everyday interaction; almost always unstated but still very important; help us make sense of one another’s messages

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10
Q

coordination

A

the way conversation operates when everyone involved uses the same set of pragmatic rules.

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11
Q

convergence

A

the process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others.

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12
Q

divergence

A

speaking in a way that emphasizes difference from others.

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13
Q

fact-opinion confusion

A

combining fact and opinion statements –“That was a dumb thing to say…” “Spending that much on a pair of shoes is a waste of money”

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14
Q

fact-inference confusion

A

combining factual statements with inferential statements -(conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence) – trying to read someone else’s mind – “Why are you ma at me?”

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15
Q

emotive language

A

seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker’s attitude toward it. — beating around the bush verses being tactful <— example; context changes with whether you agree or disagree.

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16
Q

“It” statements

A

statements that replace I with less immediate word, it; when used, avoids taking responsibility for thoughts/feelings

17
Q

“I” statements

A

these statements clearly identify the speaker as the source of a message; take responsibility for thoughts and feelings

18
Q

“But” statements

A

“X-but-Y”… can be confusing, but these statements also explain why. “You’ve done great work for us, but we’re going to have to let you go.”

19
Q

questions

A

sometimes used to avoid making a declaration; sometimes this indirect approach is tactful when subject would be difficult to address head-on

20
Q

“You’’ language

A

expresses a judgement of the other person; positive judgments rarely cause problems (You look great today), but critical statements implies that subject of complaint is doing something wrong (You left this place a mess!); negativity can also be implied (doesn’t directly say you in sentence)

21
Q

“we” language

A

implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of a message; research shows that these kind of statements combined with “I” have a good chance of being received favorably

22
Q

low context cultures

A

these types of cultures typically value using language to express thoughts, feelings and ideas as directly as possible; look for meaning of statement in words spoken…. North America

23
Q

high-context cultures

A

these types of cultures value using language to maintain social harmony; rather than offend through directness, communicators in this type of culture learn to discover meaning from the context in which a message is delivered - nonverbal behavior, history of relationship, general social rules, etc…. Asian and middle eastern cultures

24
Q

linguistic relativism

A

the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak.

25
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

hypothesis of linguistic relativism formulated by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Worf; different languages describe the world/reality differently.