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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

functional characteristics of integumentary system

A
  1. protection
  2. regulation of body temperature
  3. excretion
  4. vitamin D synthesis
  5. sensory reception
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2
Q

protection

A

cushions organs and protects from bumps, chemicals, water loss-UV radiation

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3
Q

regulation of body temperature

A
  • vasodilation/vasoconstriction of capillary network
  • sweat glands
  • adipose tissue of hypodermis
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4
Q

excretion

A

urea, salts, and water loss through sweat

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5
Q

Vitamin D Synthesis

A

(cholecalciferol) is produced photochemically in the skin from 7 dehydrocholestrol

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6
Q

sensory reception

A

sensory receptors (nerve endings) keeps us aware of conditions at the body’s surface.

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7
Q

the integumentary system is composed of:

A
  1. integument (skin): largest organ
  2. appendages: sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands, hair and nails
  • Accounts for 7-15% of body weight
  • varies in thickness from 1.5-4.4mm
  • Divided into 2 distinct layers:
    1. Epidermis
    2. Dermis
    3. Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia
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8
Q

Epidermis

A

thick superficial epithelial layer

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9
Q

Dermis

A

deep fibrous connective tissue later

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10
Q

Hypodermis/Superficial Fascia

A

fatty later that lies deep to the dermis

-not part of the integumentary system

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11
Q

Epidermis

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • contains 4 main cell types
    1. Keratinocytes
    2. Melanocytes
    3. Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)
    4. Dendritic Cells (Langerhans cells)
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12
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant cell type in epidermis

LOCATION: stratum spinosum.

  • produce keratin, a touch fibrous protein that protects epidermis
  • produce antibodies and enzymes; detoxify harmful chemical exposure

-keratinocytes arise from deep epidermis and are pushed to skin’s surface, keratin replaces cytoplasm and cells at surface are dead

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13
Q

Melanocytes

A

LOCATION: stratum basale later; manufacture and secrete pigment-melanin-to be transferred to keratinocytes

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14
Q

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel Cells)

A

LOCATION: stratum basale layer; attached to disc-like sensory nerve endings

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15
Q

Dendritic Cells (Langerhans Cells)

A

LOCATION: stratum spinosum; part of immune system macrophage; the cells endocytosis or foreign antibodies

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16
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A
  • stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
  • stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  • stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  • stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  • stratum corneum (cornified or horny layer)
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17
Q

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)

A
  • deepest epidermis layer
  • attached to the dermis layer
  • germinating layer where rapid mitosis of keratinocytes is occuring
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18
Q

Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer)

A
  • spine-like extensions of keratinocytes

- not seen in living cells only histology slides

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19
Q

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A
  • thin layer (3-5 flattened keratinocytes)
  • contains keratohyaline granules-helps form keratin
  • containes lamellated granules-water proofing glycolipid that slows water loss
  • dermal capillaries fo not extend beyond layer, cell begins to die
20
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • only occurs in thick skin

- few rows of dead keratinocytes; appears as a thin clear band

21
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • external epidermis layer
  • very thick layer of dead, keratin filled keratinocytes
  • named derived from shed skin or dandruff
22
Q

Dermis

A
  • second major layer of the skin
  • strong, flexible connective tissue
  • richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
  • two vascular plexus (network of diverging and converging vessels)
    1. Cutaneous Plexus- located between hypodermic and dermis. Feeds hypodermic and deep layers of dermis
    2. Subpapillary Plexus-located superficially, feed superficial dermal and epidermis

Dermis has two layers:

  1. Papillary Layer
  2. Reticular Layer
23
Q

Papillary Layer

A
  • includes DERMAL PAPILLAE- fingerlike projections into epidermis
  • 20% of superficial dermal layer
  • composed of areolar connective tissue, thin collagen, and elastic fibers
  • feet and hands: dermal papillae on dermal ridges (mounds) that project them into epidermis-epidermal ridges
  • producing friciton ridges form fingerprints, footprints-genetically predetermined
  • sweat pores that open along epidermal ridges cause FINGERPRINTS
24
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • 80% thickness of dermal layer

- composed of dense irregular connective tissue thick collagen and elastin fibers

25
Q

what forms cleavage lines?

A

-separations or less dense regions between networks

  • all over body; serve as demarcation lines for surgeons-less likely to gape open
  • causes flexure lines-deep skin creases on palms
  • extreme stretching could cause tearing of later-stretch (striae) marks
  • receptive site for tattoo ink
26
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • also called superficial fascia
  • deep to the skin
  • contains areolar and adipose connective tissue

FUNCTIONS:

  1. anchors skin to underlying structures
  2. store fat (energy resource)
  3. helps insulate the body
  4. thickens with weight gain; differs between sexes
27
Q

Three pigments contribute to skin color

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
28
Q

Melanin

A
  • Most important pigment
  • Yellow-Red-Brown-Black
  • Made from tyrosine (amino acid) using tyrosinase
  • Freckles/ moles are accumulations
29
Q

Carotene

A
  • Yellowish pigment obtained from carrots and tomatoes

- Accumulates in stratum corneum

30
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Caucasin skin contains little melanin

- Allows crimson color go blood to show through

31
Q

Appendages of the Skin

A

HAIR

  • flexible strand of dead, keratinized cells
  • hard keratin-tough durable and does not flake off unlike soft keratin on skin

CHIEF PARTS OF A HAIR

  1. Shaft: projects above skin’s surface; gives hair texture (flat=kinky, oval=wavy, round=straight)
  2. Root: embedded in the skin; pigment (melanin) is transferred cell of root [white/gray is result of decreased melanin]

HAIT HAS THREE CONCENTRIC LAYERS OF KERATINIZED SKIN:

  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
32
Q

Medulla

A
  • central core
  • composed of large cells and air spaces
  • absent in fine hairs.
33
Q

Cortex

A
  • surrounds medulla

- composed of flattened cells

34
Q

Cuticle

A
  • outermost layer

- composed of several overlapping cell layers (where conditioners work)

35
Q

Hair follicles

A

extends from epidermis into dermis

36
Q

Hair bulb

A

deep extended end of the hair follicle

37
Q

Root Plexus

A

Knot of sensory nerves around wrapped around hair bulb (touch receptor)

38
Q

Hair Papilla

A

Knot of capillaries that feed hair bulb to stimulate growth; if destroyed follicle stops producing hair

39
Q

_______ destroys stem cells in hair follicle

A

Chemotherapy

40
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A
  • “Raiser of the Hair”
  • bundle of smooth muscle
  • relaxed: hair will lie flat
  • Contracts: hair will stand up
  • Stimulated: by cold or fight. Hair stands erect
  • Horripilation
  • “Goosebumps”
41
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • skin’s oil glands
  • occur over entire body- except palms and soles (No hair)

Secrete SEBUM (“animal fat”)- an oily substance

  • simple alveolar glands-sacs collect sebum until filled
  • holocrine secretion-entire cell breaks up to form secretion
  • most are associated with a hair follicle

FUNCTIONS OF SEBUM

  • collect dirt
  • softens and lubricates hair and skin

ACNE: sebaceous gland becomes blocked by sebum (whitehead); if sebum oxidizes and dries (blackhead)

42
Q

Sweat Glands

A
  • SWEAT GLANDS widely distributed on body
  • human produce - 500 mL of sweat per day
  • exercising on hot day - 12 L

SWEAT- is a blood filtrate that passes through secretory cells and released by exocytosis

  • 99% water w/ some salts (sodium chloride)
  • contains traces of metabolic wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid)

2 TYPES OF SWEAT GLAND

  1. Eccrine Sweat Glands
  2. Apocrine Sweat Glands
43
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A
  • Most numerous - these produce “true” sweat
  • Most abundant on palms, soles and forehead
  • Coiled secretory base lies in deep dermis and hypodermic; duct runs superficially through funnel shaped pore
44
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
  • larger than eccrine sweat glands
  • duct open into hair follicles
  • sweat is viscous and consists of fats and proteins-odorous
  • start to function and puberty
45
Q

Nails

A
  • scale-like modification of epidermis
  • corresponds to hoof or claw of other mammals
  • made of hard keratin

PARTS OF THE NAIL

  1. Free edge: distal portion
  2. Body: visible attached portion
  3. Root: proximal portion embedded in epidermis
  4. Nail Matrix: pink actively growing portion
  5. Lunula (“little moon”): white crescent under proximal portion
  6. Nail Folds: skin folds at lateral and proximal borders
  7. Eponychium: cuticle

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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