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Human Anatomy > Chapter 12: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent or Sensory Signals

A

are perceived by sensory receptors in PNS

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2
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

General-skin and body walls, touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature and proprioception
Special-hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell

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3
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

General-stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, nausea and hunger
Special-taste

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4
Q

Efferent or Motor Signals

A

are carried away from CNS by PNS nerve fibers to muscles and glands

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5
Q

Somatic Motor or Voluntary Motor

A

General: motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Visceral Motor or Involuntary Motor

A

General: motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Autonomic Nervous System (aka. Automatic Nervous System because it automatically happens)

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7
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons or nerve Cells

  • basic structural unit of nervous system
  • conduct electrical signals
  • extreme longevity and non-mitogenic
  • high metabolic rate needs high glucose and oxygen

Supporting Cells

  • 4 types in CNS: neuroglia cells
  • 2 types in PNS- glial cells
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8
Q

Cell Body

A

nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

  • most neurons are located within CNS
  • clusters found in PNS-ganglia or ganglion
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9
Q

Neuron Processes

A

extensions of cell body

  • Dendrites: function as receptive sites conducting electrical signals toward cell body (receives)
  • Axons: transmits nerve impulses away from cell body (carries away)
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10
Q

Synapses

A

cell junction mediates transfer of information

  • presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron
  • most common: Axon-dendritic synapses
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11
Q

Neuronal Zones

A

Signal Reception Zone
Signal Integration Zone
Signal Conduction Zone
Signal Transmission Zone

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12
Q

Signal Reception Zone

A

Dendrites and Cell Body

Receives incoming signals

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13
Q

Signal Integration Zone

A

If there is a large enough stimulus, the stimulus is converted to an electrical signal (change in membrane potential) that is sent down the axon

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14
Q

Signal Conduction Zone

A

Axon

neurons wrapped in a myelin sheath transmit the electrical signal

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15
Q

Signal Transmission Zone

A

Tegration Zone. Axon Hillock
where the cell body meets the collaterals. Swelling at axon terminus where comes in close contact with the target cell; does not touch
-Electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal (neurotransmitter)

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16
Q

Supporting Cells in CNS

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Oligodendrocytes

17
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant; controls ionic environment around neurons

18
Q

Microglia

A

smallest and least abundant; macrophages of CNS engulfing microbes, injured or dead neurons

19
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

form epithelium lining central cavity of spinal cord and brain; circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia

20
Q

Oligiodendrocytes

A

produces myelin sheaths that insulate neurons

21
Q

Myelin

A

lipoprotein that surrounds thicker axons

22
Q

Structure of Myelin Sheaths

A

Layers consist of concentric layers of plasma membrane of supporting cell

23
Q

Function of Myelin Sheaths

A

insulation layers that prevents leakage of electrical current from axon to increase speed of impulse conduction along axon; energy efficient

24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

Nerve impulses do not travel along myelin covered regions but jump from node to nodes

25
Q

Nerves

A

cable like organ that consists of many axons (fibers) arranged in parallel bundles and enclosed by wrappings of connective tissue

26
Q

Endoneurium

A

each axon is surrounded by Schwann cells enclosed in loose CT

27
Q

Perineurium

A

Groups of axons are bound into bundles- nerve fascicles- wrapped in CT

28
Q

Epineurium

A

entire nerve is surrounded by fibrous sheath

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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