Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of the structure of the human body.

also called morphology; the science of form

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of body function

Question 3

the two sciences are inseperable

Answer 3

form (structure) follows function

functional anatomy

Question 4

Anatomical Terminology

Answer 4

• based on ancient Greek or Latin
• standard nomenclature worldwide
• learn the origins of terms

Question 5

Gross Anatomy

Answer 5

study of body structures examined by the naked eye

1. Regional Anatomy
2. Systematic Anatomy
3. Surface Anatomy

Question 6

Regional Anatomy

Answer 6

study of structures in a single region of body

Question 7

Systematic Anatomy

Answer 7

study of structures with related functions

Question 8

Surface Anatomy

Answer 8

study of superficial body landmarks; muscle or vessel identification

Question 9

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

Answer 9

study of structures too small to be examined by the naked eye; cellular anatomy

Question 10

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 10

structural change throughout lifespan

Question 11

Embryology

Answer 11

structural formation and development before birth

Question 12

Pathological anatomy (pathology)

Answer 12

structural change caused by disease

Question 13

Radiographic anatomy

Answer 13

internal body structures by x-ray imaging

Question 14

Functional morphology

Answer 14

functional properties of structures

Question 15

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Answer 15

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system
organism level

Question 16

chemical level

Answer 16

small molecules: CO2 and H2O

macromolecules: (4 classes) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 17

cellular level

Answer 17

cells and their functional subunits (organelles)

Question 18

tissue level

Answer 18

a group of cells working together to perform a common function. 4 types of tissue

1. epithelium: covers body surfaces
2. connective: provides support
3. muscle: movement
4. nervous: communication

Question 19

Organ Level

Answer 19

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue; functional center

Question 20

Organ system

Answer 20

organs working closely together for a common purpose

Question 21

organism level

Answer 21

highest level of organization; the result of all simpler levels working in unison

Question 22

Anatomical Position

Answer 22

provides point of reference to describe body parts

position requirements

right and left refer to the sides belonging to body being viewed

Question 23

Axial regions

Answer 23

the main axis of the body; head, neck, trunk (thorax), abdomen, and pelvis, and perineum

Question 24

Appendicular region

Answer 24

the limbs (appendages)

Question 25

Directional Terms

Answer 25

standardized terms of direction used to describe where one body structure lies in relation to another. - superior/inferior - anterior/posterior - medial/lateral - proximal/distal - superfical/deep

Question 26

Superior (cranial)

Answer 26

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Question 27

Inferior (caudal)

Answer 27

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Question 28

Anterior (ventral)

Answer 28

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Question 29

Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 29

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Question 30

Medial

Answer 30

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Question 31

Lateral

Answer 31

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Question 32

proximal

Answer 32

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 33

distal

Answer 33

father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Question 34

superficial (external)

Answer 34

toward or at the body surface

Question 35

deep (internal)

Answer 35

away from the body surface more internal

Question 36

ipsilateral

Answer 36

on the same side

Question 37

contralateral

Answer 37

on opposite sides

Question 38

frontal plane

Answer 38

lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 39

sagittal plane

Answer 39

lies vertically and divides body into left and right parts at midline of body-midsagittal (median) plane

Question 40

transverse plane

Answer 40

runs horizontally and divides body into inferior and superior parts

Question 41

characteristics common to all vertebrates

Answer 41

1. tube within a tube body plan 2. bilateral symmetry 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. notochord and vertebrae 5. segmentation 6. pharyngeal pouches (lungs)

Question 42

bilateral symmetery

Answer 42

left and right sides mirror images

Question 43

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 43

brain and spinal cord

Question 44

tube-within-a-tube body plan

Answer 44

inner tube: digestive and respiratory tubes | outer tube: axial skeleton, axial muscles and nervous

Question 45

segmentation

Answer 45

repeating units of similar structure; ribs and spine

Question 46

cavity

Answer 46

closed to the outside and contain internal organs

Question 47

2 major cavities in the body

Answer 47

1. Dorsal Body Cavity | 2. Ventral Body Cavity

Question 48

Dorsal Body Cavity

Answer 48

2 subdivisions 1. cranial cavity: lies in skull, contains brain 2. vertrbral cavity: lies in vertebral column, encloses spinal cord

Question 49

Ventral Body Cavity

Answer 49

larger cavity; contains visceral organs (2 subdivisions) 1. Thoracic Cavity: divided into three parts 1. pleural cavity: two lateral parts each containing a lung 2. mediastinum cavity: central band of organs 3. pericardial cavity: surrounds heart 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (Peritoneal): divided into parts; continuous of each other 1. Abdominal Cavity: Superior cavity; contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs 2. Pelvic Cavity: inferior cavity; contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Question 50

the 3 serous membrane cavities

Answer 50

- pleural cavity - pericardial cavity - peritoneal cavity

Question 51

serous cavity

Answer 51

- fluid - serous=watery - cushions organs - provides and almost frictionless environment - composed of 2 layers

Question 52

2 layers that the serous cavity is composed of

Answer 52

1. peritoneal serosa-outside layer | 2. visceral serosa- inside layer