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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of the human body.

also called morphology; the science of form

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of body function

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3
Q

the two sciences are inseperable

A

form (structure) follows function

functional anatomy

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4
Q

Anatomical Terminology

A
  • based on ancient Greek or Latin
  • standard nomenclature worldwide
  • learn the origins of terms
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5
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

study of body structures examined by the naked eye

  1. Regional Anatomy
  2. Systematic Anatomy
  3. Surface Anatomy
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6
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

study of structures in a single region of body

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7
Q

Systematic Anatomy

A

study of structures with related functions

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8
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

study of superficial body landmarks; muscle or vessel identification

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9
Q

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

A

study of structures too small to be examined by the naked eye; cellular anatomy

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10
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

structural change throughout lifespan

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11
Q

Embryology

A

structural formation and development before birth

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12
Q

Pathological anatomy (pathology)

A

structural change caused by disease

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13
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

internal body structures by x-ray imaging

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14
Q

Functional morphology

A

functional properties of structures

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15
Q

Hierarchy of Structural Organization

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system
organism level
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16
Q

chemical level

A

small molecules: CO2 and H2O

macromolecules: (4 classes) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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17
Q

cellular level

A

cells and their functional subunits (organelles)

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18
Q

tissue level

A

a group of cells working together to perform a common function. 4 types of tissue

  1. epithelium: covers body surfaces
  2. connective: provides support
  3. muscle: movement
  4. nervous: communication
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19
Q

Organ Level

A

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue; functional center

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20
Q

Organ system

A

organs working closely together for a common purpose

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21
Q

organism level

A

highest level of organization; the result of all simpler levels working in unison

22
Q

Anatomical Position

A

provides point of reference to describe body parts

position requirements

right and left refer to the sides belonging to body being viewed

23
Q

Axial regions

A

the main axis of the body; head, neck, trunk (thorax), abdomen, and pelvis, and perineum

24
Q

Appendicular region

A

the limbs (appendages)

25
Q

Directional Terms

A

standardized terms of direction used to describe where one body structure lies in relation to another.

  • superior/inferior
  • anterior/posterior
  • medial/lateral
  • proximal/distal
  • superfical/deep
26
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

27
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

28
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

29
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

30
Q

Medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

31
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

32
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

33
Q

distal

A

father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

34
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

35
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface more internal

36
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

37
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

38
Q

frontal plane

A

lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

39
Q

sagittal plane

A

lies vertically and divides body into left and right parts

at midline of body-midsagittal (median) plane

40
Q

transverse plane

A

runs horizontally and divides body into inferior and superior parts

41
Q

characteristics common to all vertebrates

A
  1. tube within a tube body plan
  2. bilateral symmetry
  3. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  4. notochord and vertebrae
  5. segmentation
  6. pharyngeal pouches (lungs)
42
Q

bilateral symmetery

A

left and right sides mirror images

43
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

brain and spinal cord

44
Q

tube-within-a-tube body plan

A

inner tube: digestive and respiratory tubes

outer tube: axial skeleton, axial muscles and nervous

45
Q

segmentation

A

repeating units of similar structure; ribs and spine

46
Q

cavity

A

closed to the outside and contain internal organs

47
Q

2 major cavities in the body

A
  1. Dorsal Body Cavity

2. Ventral Body Cavity

48
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

2 subdivisions

  1. cranial cavity: lies in skull, contains brain
  2. vertrbral cavity: lies in vertebral column, encloses spinal cord
49
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

larger cavity; contains visceral organs (2 subdivisions)

  1. Thoracic Cavity: divided into three parts
    1. pleural cavity: two lateral parts each containing a lung
    2. mediastinum cavity: central band of organs
    3. pericardial cavity: surrounds heart
  2. Abdominopelvic Cavity (Peritoneal): divided into parts; continuous of each other
    1. Abdominal Cavity: Superior cavity; contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
    2. Pelvic Cavity: inferior cavity; contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
50
Q

the 3 serous membrane cavities

A
  • pleural cavity
  • pericardial cavity
  • peritoneal cavity
51
Q

serous cavity

A
  • fluid
  • serous=watery
  • cushions organs
  • provides and almost frictionless environment
  • composed of 2 layers
52
Q

2 layers that the serous cavity is composed of

A
  1. peritoneal serosa-outside layer

2. visceral serosa- inside layer

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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