Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

Question

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 1

DESCRIPTION - single layer; flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei - thin and permeable FUNCTION - allows for the passage of small molecules to passive diffusion; filtration - secretes lubricating substances in serosae LOCATION - renal corpscles (kidneys) - alveoli of lungs - lining of heart, blood; lymphatic vessels, endothelium - lining of ventral body cavity (serosa)

Answer 2

DESCRIPTION -single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei FUNCTION -secretion and absorption LOCATION -kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands , every surface

Answer 3

DESCRIPTION - single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei - some bear cilia at their apical surface - may contain goblet cells FUNCTION -absorption; secretion of mucus enzymes and other substances. ciliated type: propels mucus/ reproductory cells by ciliary action LOCATION - nonciliated form: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands - ciliated form: lines small bronchi; uterine tubes and uterus.

Answer 4

DESCRIPTION - all cells originate at basement membrane - only tall cells reach the apical surface - may contain goblet cells and bear cilia - nuclei lie at varying heights within cells- Gives false impression of false stratification FUNCTION: -secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia LOCATION - nonciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes ; ducts of large glands - ciliated lines: trachea; most upper respiratory tract

Answer 5

DESCRIPTION -generally two layers of cube-shaped ce;;s FUNCTION -protections LOCATION -ductile glands-mammary glands, salivary glands and large sweat glands * become more compressed as cells begin to migrate more toward the outer surface * associated w/ sweat glands and salivary

Answer 6

DESCRIPTION - several layers - basal cells usually cubodial; superficial cells elongated FUNCTION -protection and secretion LOCATION - rare tissue type - found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands NOT PRESENT IN WOMEN

Answer 7

PROPERTIES - contain two or more layers of cells - regenerates from below (basal layer) - major role is protection - named according to shape of cells at apical layers

Answer 8

DESCRIPTION - many layers of cells are squamous in shape - deeper layers of cells appear cubodial or columnar - thickest epithelial tissue; adapted for protection from abrasions TWO TYPES: keratinized and non-keratinized

Answer 9

FUNCTION -protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion LOCATION 1. Keratinized: forms epidermis 2. Nonkeratinized: forms lining of mucous membranes - Esophagus - Mouth - Anus - Vagina - Urethra

Answer 10

- Specialized epithelial cells - Make & secrete protein product by exocytosis - two classifications of glands 1. defined by where product is released - exocrine-external - endocrine-internal 2. Cellularity - unicellular - multicellular Exocrine (sweat, saliva) Endocrine (adrenaline)

Answer 11

- exocrine glands - unicellular exocrine gland - multicellular exocrine gland

Answer 12

- secrete substance onto a body surface (skin) - secrete substance into body cavity (digestive) - Have ducts that carry product to epithelial surfaces

Answer 13

-goblet cells: secretes mucin to lubricate internal body surfaces

Answer 14

- have 2 basic parts- a duct and a secretory unit - classified by duct branching structures-one branch (simple) and multi-branched (compound) - classified by secretory units- tubes (tubular), sacs (alveolar) and hybrid (tubulcalveolar) - examples: salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver

Answer 15

- ductless glands - secrete product (hormones) directly into blood stream - hormones travel to target organ to increase response (excitatory) - examples: pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid * releasing 2 endocrine hormones into bloodstream - insulin - glucogen

Answer 16

-Most diverse and abundant type of tissue 4 MAIN CLASSES 1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. connective tissues and bind organs together 2. holds in body fluids 3. form blasts of skeleton 4. store and carry nutrients 5. surround all blood vessels and nerves 6. protect against infections

Answer 17

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSES HAVE THE SAME STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 1. relatively few cells ---> acellular 2. cells have an embryonic origin (mesenchyme; mesenchymal) 3. extracellular matrix: nonliving material separating cells. Physical properties & functional differences attributed to differences in extracellular matrices 4. extracellular matrix is produced by ells of the connective tissue class 5. extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and protein support fibers 6. vascularized

Answer 18

CELL TYPES - chondroblast-secrete matrix in cartilage - osetoblast- secrete matrix in bone - fibroblast-make protein subunits of fibers, secrete ground substance - fat (adipose) cells- storage energy - white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages)- fight infection - mast cells-signal inflammatory response; promote healing - if not actively secreting matrix "blast" replaced by "cyte" and function changes to maintenance, resign (example: fibrocyte) - blood cells do not secrete matrix in blood to carry respiratory gases, fight infections, and aid in blood clotting

Answer 19

- Collagen Fibers - Reticular Fibers - Elastic Fibers

Answer 20

- collagen - strongest, most abundant - resist tension (pulling) - thick coils of cross-linked fibrils

Answer 21

-type of collagen that form dense mesh network rather that coiling

Answer 22

- contains "elastin," a rubberlike component allowing stretch - pulls tissues back to original shape after being stretched out.

Answer 23

GROUND SUBSTANCE (EXTRACELLULAR) - generally gel-like w/ large sugar and sugar protein molecules (proteglycans) which hold and absorb interstitial fluid - cushions and protects - withstands compressive stresses - holds tissue fluid that bathes cells ``` INTERSTITIAL FLUID (BETWEEN CELLS) -derived from blood in CT proper; medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells; found in ground matrix. ``` EXCEPTIONS - bone: embedded in calcified mineral salts - blood: plasma, which is not produced by blood cells (plasma-90% water, dissolved proteins, nutrients, ions, gases, etc.) (functions and transport)

Answer 24

2 SUBCLASSSES 1. Loose Connective: Fibers are able to separate from each other - Areolar - Adipose - Reticular [honeycomb. defined spaces w/it] 2. Desnse Connective: Fibers are densely/ tightly packed together [tendons, ligaments, joints, muscle fibers] - dense irregular - dense regular - elastic

Answer 25

- Most widespread; underlies almost all epithelium and surrounds almost all small nerves and blood vessels - Borders all other tissues in the body - Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues

Answer 26

- occurs beneath the skin-hypodermis - Adipocytes, highly vascularized, high metabolic activity - Insulates, produces energy, support. - White adipose tissue-nutrient storing fat (adults) - Brown adipose-produces heat; nutrient consumer (increase concentration in infants_

Answer 27

- Resembles areolar by contains only reticular fibers - Forms caverns to hold free cells (blood) - Bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen - Forms internal "skeleton" of some organs

Answer 28

- Contains more collagen than areolar - Restraint to extremely strong pulling forces - 2 main kinds of dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 29

- regular fibers run same direction parallel to pull - wavy appearance - poorly vascularized - no fat or defense cells - location-fascia, tendons, ligaments

Answer 30

- thick irregular fibers - run in different planes and direction - resist strong tensions - location: dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones