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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

informal definition of tissues

A

work together in functional related communities

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2
Q

formal definition of tissues

A

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

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3
Q

tissues are not just living cells

A

non-living extracellular component

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4
Q

tissue types and basic functions

A
  1. support-connective tissue
  2. covering-epithelial tissue
  3. moving-muscle tissue
  4. control-nervous tissue
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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

-sheet or “covering” of cells
-covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
-forms most of body’s gland
-occurs at inferences between differing environments
(inside vs outside of body-EPIDERMIS)
-functions: reflects role as interface, protection, secretion, ion transport and diffusion, filtration

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6
Q

Special Characteristics of Epithelia

A
  • cellularity
  • specialized contacts
  • polarity
  • support by connective tissue
  • avascular but innervated
  • highly regenerative
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7
Q

cellularity

A
  • composed mostly of cells

- cells separated by minimal extracellular material

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8
Q

specialized contacts

A

-cells joined by special cellular junctions

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9
Q

polarity

A

-cells regions of the apical (upper) surface differs from the basal (lower) surface

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10
Q

support by connective tissue

A

underlying connective tissue-basement membrane

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11
Q

avascular but innervated

A
  • epithelium lacks blood vessels

- receives nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

highly regenerative

A

-lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division

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13
Q

apical surface features

A
  • microvilli
  • cilia
  • flagella
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14
Q

Microvilli

A
  • finger-like extension of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell
  • increase surface area for absorption
  • example: small intestine
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15
Q

Cilia

A
  • whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane
  • moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface; unidirectional
  • example: respiratory tubes
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16
Q

Flagella

A
  • extra long cilia
  • moves cell
  • example: spermatozoa
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17
Q

lateral surface features

A

connections to neighboring cells by linking proteins or cell junctions:

  • interdigitate-cells need to “mingle”
  • follow contour of cells-cells are “wavy”

cell junctions

  • desosomes
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
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18
Q

Desosomes

A

(adhesion junctions) adhesive spots lateral sides linked by proteins/ filaments holds tissues together

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19
Q

Tight Junctions

A

at apical area plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes

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20
Q

Gap Junctions

A

spot-like junctions occurring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of protein lets small molecules pass

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21
Q

Basal Surface Features

A

BASEMENT MEMBRANE
sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue laters
-attaches epithelium to connective tissue below

COMPOSED OF
-basal lamina: thin, monocellular, supportive sheet of proteins; superficial layer; acts as selective filter; assists epithelial cells regeneration by moving new cells

-reticular fiber layer: deeper later, support

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22
Q

Classification of Epithelium

A

LAYERS

  • simple
  • stratified
  • pseudostratified

SHAPER

  • squamous (protective)
  • cubodial (endocrine)
  • columnar
23
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

ONE LAYER

  1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
  2. Simple Cubodial Epithelium
  3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
  4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelim
24
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

TWO LAYERS

  1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  2. Stratified Cubodial Epithelium
  3. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
25
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION

  • single layer; flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
  • thin and permeable

FUNCTION

  • allows for the passage of small molecules to passive diffusion; filtration
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae

LOCATION

  • renal corpscles (kidneys)
  • alveoli of lungs
  • lining of heart, blood; lymphatic vessels, endothelium
  • lining of ventral body cavity (serosa)
26
Q

Simple Cubodial Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION
-single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

FUNCTION
-secretion and absorption

LOCATION
-kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands , every surface

27
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION

  • single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
  • some bear cilia at their apical surface
  • may contain goblet cells

FUNCTION
-absorption; secretion of mucus enzymes and other substances. ciliated type: propels mucus/ reproductory cells by ciliary action

LOCATION

  • nonciliated form: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
  • ciliated form: lines small bronchi; uterine tubes and uterus.
28
Q

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION

  • all cells originate at basement membrane
  • only tall cells reach the apical surface
  • may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
  • nuclei lie at varying heights within cells- Gives false impression of false stratification

FUNCTION:
-secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia

LOCATION

  • nonciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes ; ducts of large glands
  • ciliated lines: trachea; most upper respiratory tract
29
Q

Stratified Cubodial Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION
-generally two layers of cube-shaped ce;;s

FUNCTION
-protections

LOCATION
-ductile glands-mammary glands, salivary glands and large sweat glands

  • become more compressed as cells begin to migrate more toward the outer surface
  • associated w/ sweat glands and salivary
30
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION

  • several layers
  • basal cells usually cubodial; superficial cells elongated

FUNCTION
-protection and secretion

LOCATION

  • rare tissue type
  • found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

NOT PRESENT IN WOMEN

31
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

PROPERTIES

  • contain two or more layers of cells
  • regenerates from below (basal layer)
  • major role is protection
  • named according to shape of cells at apical layers
32
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

DESCRIPTION

  • many layers of cells are squamous in shape
  • deeper layers of cells appear cubodial or columnar
  • thickest epithelial tissue; adapted for protection from abrasions

TWO TYPES: keratinized and non-keratinized

33
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

FUNCTION
-protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

LOCATION

  1. Keratinized: forms epidermis
  2. Nonkeratinized: forms lining of mucous membranes
    - Esophagus
    - Mouth
    - Anus
    - Vagina
    - Urethra
34
Q

Glands

A
  • Specialized epithelial cells
  • Make & secrete protein product by exocytosis
  • two classifications of glands
    1. defined by where product is released
  • exocrine-external
  • endocrine-internal
    2. Cellularity
  • unicellular
  • multicellular

Exocrine (sweat, saliva)
Endocrine (adrenaline)

35
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • exocrine glands
  • unicellular exocrine gland
  • multicellular exocrine gland
36
Q

Exocrine Gland

A
  • secrete substance onto a body surface (skin)
  • secrete substance into body cavity (digestive)
  • Have ducts that carry product to epithelial surfaces
37
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Gland

A

-goblet cells: secretes mucin to lubricate internal body surfaces

38
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Gland

A
  • have 2 basic parts- a duct and a secretory unit
  • classified by duct branching structures-one branch (simple) and multi-branched (compound)
  • classified by secretory units- tubes (tubular), sacs (alveolar) and hybrid (tubulcalveolar)
  • examples: salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver
39
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • ductless glands
  • secrete product (hormones) directly into blood stream
  • hormones travel to target organ to increase response (excitatory)
  • examples: pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid
  • releasing 2 endocrine hormones into bloodstream
  • insulin
  • glucogen
40
Q

Connective Tissues

A

-Most diverse and abundant type of tissue

4 MAIN CLASSES

  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  1. connective tissues and bind organs together
  2. holds in body fluids
  3. form blasts of skeleton
  4. store and carry nutrients
  5. surround all blood vessels and nerves
  6. protect against infections
41
Q

Connective Tissue Commonalities

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSES HAVE THE SAME STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  1. relatively few cells —> acellular
  2. cells have an embryonic origin (mesenchyme; mesenchymal)
  3. extracellular matrix: nonliving material separating cells. Physical properties & functional differences attributed to differences in extracellular matrices
  4. extracellular matrix is produced by ells of the connective tissue class
  5. extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance and protein support fibers
  6. vascularized
42
Q

Connective Tissue- Cellular Features

A

CELL TYPES

  • chondroblast-secrete matrix in cartilage
  • osetoblast- secrete matrix in bone
  • fibroblast-make protein subunits of fibers, secrete ground substance
  • fat (adipose) cells- storage energy
  • white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages)- fight infection
  • mast cells-signal inflammatory response; promote healing
  • if not actively secreting matrix “blast” replaced by “cyte” and function changes to maintenance, resign (example: fibrocyte)
  • blood cells do not secrete matrix in blood to carry respiratory gases, fight infections, and aid in blood clotting
43
Q

Connective Tissues- Fibril Features

A
  • Collagen Fibers
  • Reticular Fibers
  • Elastic Fibers
44
Q

Collagen Fibers

A
  • collagen
  • strongest, most abundant
  • resist tension (pulling)
  • thick coils of cross-linked fibrils
45
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

-type of collagen that form dense mesh network rather that coiling

46
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • contains “elastin,” a rubberlike component allowing stretch
  • pulls tissues back to original shape after being stretched out.
47
Q

Connective Tissues-Structural Features

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE (EXTRACELLULAR)

  • generally gel-like w/ large sugar and sugar protein molecules (proteglycans) which hold and absorb interstitial fluid
  • cushions and protects
  • withstands compressive stresses
  • holds tissue fluid that bathes cells
INTERSTITIAL FLUID (BETWEEN CELLS)
-derived from blood in CT proper; medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells; found in ground matrix.

EXCEPTIONS

  • bone: embedded in calcified mineral salts
  • blood: plasma, which is not produced by blood cells (plasma-90% water, dissolved proteins, nutrients, ions, gases, etc.) (functions and transport)
48
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

2 SUBCLASSSES

  1. Loose Connective: Fibers are able to separate from each other
    - Areolar
    - Adipose
    - Reticular [honeycomb. defined spaces w/it]
  2. Desnse Connective: Fibers are densely/ tightly packed together [tendons, ligaments, joints, muscle fibers]
    - dense irregular
    - dense regular
    - elastic
49
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Proper: AREOLAR

A
  • Most widespread; underlies almost all epithelium and surrounds almost all small nerves and blood vessels
  • Borders all other tissues in the body
  • Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues
50
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Proper: ADIPOSE TISSUE

A
  • occurs beneath the skin-hypodermis
  • Adipocytes, highly vascularized, high metabolic activity
  • Insulates, produces energy, support.
  • White adipose tissue-nutrient storing fat (adults)
  • Brown adipose-produces heat; nutrient consumer (increase concentration in infants_
51
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Proper: RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • Resembles areolar by contains only reticular fibers
  • Forms caverns to hold free cells (blood)
  • Bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen
  • Forms internal “skeleton” of some organs
52
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • Contains more collagen than areolar
  • Restraint to extremely strong pulling forces
  • 2 main kinds of dense connective tissue
    1. Dense regular connective tissue
    2. Dense irregular connective tissue
53
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • regular fibers run same direction parallel to pull
  • wavy appearance
  • poorly vascularized
  • no fat or defense cells
  • location-fascia, tendons, ligaments
54
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • thick irregular fibers
  • run in different planes and direction
  • resist strong tensions
  • location: dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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