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Human Anatomy > Chapter 22: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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2
Q

Alimentary Canal Structural Components: Digestive Organs

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and Large Intestines
Anus
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3
Q

Alimentary Canal Structural Components: Accessory Digestive Organs

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
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4
Q

Digestive Process

A
  1. Ingestion: intake food
  2. Propulsion: movement of food by swallowing and peristalsis
  3. Mechanical Digestion: chewing, churning and segmentation (local rhythmic constrictions) food
  4. Absorption: transport of digested products from lumen into blood and lymph capillaries
  5. Defecation: elimination of undigested food substances
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5
Q

Abdominal Regions

A
  • Abdominal organs will move
  • Abdominal regions aid in locating organs
  • Hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Hypogastric
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6
Q

Hypochondriac

A

deep to the ribs

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7
Q

Epigastric

A

superior to the belly

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8
Q

Hypogastric

A

inferior to the belly

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9
Q

Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum

A

Peritoneum: which will cover and line abdominopelvic cavity

Layers:

  • Visceral peritoneum: covers external surface or digestive organs
  • Pariteal Peritoneum: lines the walls of cavity
  • Space contains serous fluid to allow organs to move against one another
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10
Q

Mesentereies

A
  • Double layer of peritoneum; serous membranes fused together
  • Will extend to digestive organs from body wall to hold organs in place
  • Fat storage
  • Support vessels and nerves to reach organs
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11
Q

Ventral Mesenteries

A
  • Falciform Ligament: anterior of liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
  • Lesser omentum (fatty skin)-runs from liver fissure to lesser curvature
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12
Q

Dorsal Mesenteries

A

Greater momentum (fatty skin) - cover intestines

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13
Q

Mouth Functions

A

ingest, mechanical digest and chemically digest

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14
Q

Boundaries of the Mouth

A
  • Anterior-lips
  • Posterior-fauces of oropharynx
  • Lateral-cheecks
  • Interior-tongue
  • Superior-palates
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15
Q

Structures of the Mouth

A
  • Vestibule: space external to teeth

- Oral cavity proper: space internal to teeth

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16
Q

Salivary Glands Produce:

A

Saliva

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17
Q

Functions of Saliva

A
  • moistens mouth
  • dissolves food chemically-starches
  • binds food together to blue
  • neutralizes acids produced by oral bacteria to prevent tooth decay
  • bactericidal enzymes
18
Q

Glands

A

paired compound tubuloalveloar glands

  1. Parotid: “near ear”
  2. Submandibular: medial surface of mandibular body
  3. Sublingual: inferior to tongue
19
Q

The Pharynx

A
  • bolus leaves mouth enters oropharynx and laryngopharynx

- pharynx is continous with esophagus

20
Q

Esophagus

A

food to stomach

  • Lumen collapses when no food is present
  • Passes through diaphragm: esophageal hiatus
  • Joins stomach at cardiac orifice where the cardiac sphincter closes off lumen to prevent regurgitation
21
Q

The Stomach Functions

A
  • temporary storage for food
  • chum food into chin paste
  • starts breakdown of food proteins by secreting pepsin which functions only under acidic conditions
  • absorbs water, electrolytes and some drugs

Food remains in stomach for about 4 hours

22
Q

Structures of the Stomach

A
  • Cardiac Region (Cardia): near the heart
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pyloric Region: Pylorus and Pyloric Sphincter: conducts chyme into small intestine
  • Rugae: “wrinkles” accounts for distensibility of stomach; allows for expansion
23
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

A

Mucosa Layer: Gastric pits which open into gastric glands

3 types of secretory cells in gastric glands

1) Mucous neck cells: mucus lining of stomach
2) Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells: hydrochloric acid
3) Chief (Zymogenic) Cells: pepsinogen which is cleaved to form pepsin

24
Q

The Small Intestine

A
  • Time=3-6 hours
  • Longest part of alimentary canal
  • Site of most enzymatic digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients
  • Most digestive enzymes are secreted by pancreas not small intestine
  • Churning and peristalsis shuffle chyme to maximize absorption
  • Runs from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine
25
Q

Small Intestine- Duodenum

A

-receives digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile duct

STRUCTURES:

  • hepatopancreatic ampulla: bulb that collects secretions from bile/liver and pancreas
  • major duodenal papilla: entry
26
Q

Jejunum

A

Empty (40% of SI)-absorption

27
Q

Ileum

A

Twisted (60% of SI)- absorption

28
Q

Villi

A

like projections of mucosa specialized for absorption in small intestine

29
Q

Layers of Villi

A

Absorption cells
-Enterocytes: simple columnar epithelial cells
-Goblet Cells: secrete mucus to lubricate chime and provides protective surface
Lacteal: blood and lymph capillaries
Smooth Muscle within villi to move during digestion

30
Q

The Large Intestine

A
  • Time: 12-24 hours
  • Food breakdown occurs
  • BreLast major organ of alimentary canal
  • Little additional akdown that occurs is bacterial
  • Main function is to absorb water and electrolytes resulting in semi-solid feces
  • Mass peristaltic movements: slow sluggish and weak movements propel
31
Q

Structures of the Large Intestine

A

Cecum “blind sac”- beginning of large intestine
-ileocecal valve: prevents reflux of feces
Verniform appendix “worm-shaped”-blind tube that opens on poster medial wall of cecum
-Lymphoid tissue to collect neutralize pathogens
-Colon

32
Q

Colon

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Right colon (hepatic) flexure
  • Transverse Colon
  • Left colon (splenic) flexure
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoidal colon (s shaped)
33
Q

structures of the Large Intestine

A
  • rectum

- anal canal

34
Q

Rectum

A

Straight: joins sigmoid colon; descends and retroperitoneally along inferior portion of sacrum

  • no tenaie coli; has longitudinal muscle
  • rectal valves: transverse fold of rectum that prevent feces from being passed with flatus (gas)
35
Q

Anal Canal

A

Passes through elevator ani muscle and lies external to abdominopelvic cavity

2 SPHINCTERS

  • External anal Sphincter: will contract voluntarily to inhibit defecation
  • Internal Anal Sphincter: will contract involuntarily to inhibit infection
  • Both will prevent fecal leakage from anus between defecations and will exhibit defecation from emotional stress
36
Q

Special Features of Large Intestine

A

TENIAE COLI: “Colon Ribbons”- thickenings of longitudinal muscle layer to maintain muscle tone

HAUSTRA: “draw up”- puckered sacs caused by teenier coli

EPIPLOIC (OMENTAL) APPENDAGES: “Membrane covered”- fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum; unknown functions

37
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Muscular Sac resting on the visceral surface of right hepatic lobe
  • Functions to store and concentrate bile
  • When fatty chyme enters duodenum, a hormone cholecytoskinin is released from enterodendocrine cells of duodenum-cause bile duct sphincters to relax and bile is expelled

Cystic Duct

38
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Exocrine and endocrine gland
  • Produced most of the enzymes that will digest food in the small intestine

Structures:

  • Head
  • Body
  • Tail
  • Main pancreatic duct: drains most of the
39
Q

Acinar (Acini) glands

A

are responsible for synthesizing, storing, and secreting pancreatic digestive enzymes

40
Q

Acinar (Acini) cells

A

compose glands

41
Q

Zygomen granules

A

Enzymes are stored in their inactive form in intracellular granules

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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