Chapter 5: Improving and Assessing the quality of behavior

Question 1

the extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state or true values of the event as it exists in nature,

Answer 1

Accuracy

Question 2

the extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of the interobserver agreement are the most often used index of believability in ABA

Answer 2

Belivabilty

Question 3

any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and when sources of error are found to use that information to correct or improve the measurement system

Answer 3

Calibration

Question 4

measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class (es) of interest are detected during the observation period

Answer 4

Continuous measurement

Question 5

occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the bx that is the focus of the investigation

Answer 5

Direct Measurment

Question 6

measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the responses classes of interest may not be detected.

Answer 6

Discontinuous Measurement

Question 7

the percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count. The most stringent description for IOA for most data sets obtained by event recording

Answer 7

Exact Count-per-interval IOA

Question 8

occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest/ consisted less valid than direct measurement bc inferences about the relation between the data obtained and the actual bx of interest are required

Answer 8

Indirect Measurement

Question 9

the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same time events.

Answer 9

Interobserver agreement (IOA)

Question 10

an index of the agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement. Calculated for a given session or measurement period by comparing the two observers’ recordings of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the bx in each observation interval and dividing the number of intervals of agreement by the total number of intervals and multiplying by 100. Also called point-by-point or total internal IOA

Answer 10

Interval-by-interval IOA-

Question 11

the average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprising a series of smaller counting times. A more conservatives measure of IOA than total count IOA

Answer 11

Mean count -per-interval IOA

Question 12

an IOA index for duration per occurrence data. Also a more conservatives and usually more meaningful assessment of IOA for total duration data calculated for a given session or measurement period by computing the average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behavior

Answer 12

Mean duration-per-occurrence IOA

Question 13

nonrandom measurement error. A form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

Answer 13

Measurement bias

Question 14

an observer who is unaware of the study’s purpose and or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period. Data Obtained by a naive observer are less likely to be influenced by observers expectations

Answer 14

Naïve Observer

Question 15

a measure produced by an observation and measurement system. Observed values serve as the day that the research and others will interpret to form conclusions about an investigation

Answer 15

Observed Value

Question 16

any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error. Often entails a shift in the observers interpretation of the original definitions of the target bx subsequent to being trained.

Answer 16

Observer Drift

Question 17

influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observers awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports

Answer 17

Observer Reactivity

Question 18

refers to the consistency of measurement specifically the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values.

Answer 18

Reliabilty

Question 19

an interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the bx occurred by the number of intervals in which either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the bx and multiplying by 100. Scored interval IOA is recommend as a measure of agreement for bx that occur at low rates bx it ignores the intervals in which agreement by chance is highly likely

Answer 19

Scored-interval IOA

Question 20

the simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data. Based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer per measurement period. Calculated by dividing the smaller of the two observer counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100

Answer 20

Total Count IOA

Question 21

• a relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement. Computed by dividing the shorter of he two durations reported by the observers by the longer durations and multiplying by 100

Answer 21

Total Duration IOA

Question 22

an IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observer counts (0 and 1) on a trial by trial or item by item basis. Yields a more conservatives and meaningful IOA for discrete trial that n does total count IOA

Answer 22

Trial-by-trial IOA-

Question 23

a measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature. Obtaining true values respires special or extraordinary precautions to ensure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed

Answer 23

True value

Question 24

an interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer dividing the number of internal in which the two observers agreed that the bx did not occur thy the number of intervals in which either or both record the non occurrence of the bx and multiply by 100. Unscored interval IOA is recommended as a measure for agreement for bx that occurs at high rates bc it ignores the interval in which agreement by chance is highly likely.

Answer 24

Unscored Interval

Question 25

the EXTENT to which data obtained from measurement are DIRECTLY RELEVENT to the target bx of interest and to the reasons for measuring it.

Answer 25

Validity