Chapter 5 Human Movement Science Flashcards
Where is Superior?
Positioned above a point of reference
Where is Inferior?
Positioned below a point of reference
Where is Proximal?
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference
Where is Distal?
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference
Where is Anterior (or Ventral)?
On the front of the body
Where is Posterior (or Dorsal)?
On the back of the body
Where is Medial?
Positioned near the middle of the body
Where is Lateral?
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Where is Contralateral?
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Where is Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
What is Anatomic Position?
The position of the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position if of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature
What is the Sagittal plane?
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
What is Flexion?
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
What is Extension?
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
What is Hyperextension?
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Where is the Frontal Plane?
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
What is Abduction?
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
What is Adduction?
The movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
What is the Transverse Plane?
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
What is Internal Rotation?
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
What is External Rotation?
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
What is Horizontal Abduction?
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from anterior to a lateral position
What is Horizontal Adduction?
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
What is Scapular Retraction?
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
What is Scapular Protraction?
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
What is Scapular Depression?
Downward motion of the scapula
What is Scapular Elevation?
Upward motion of the scapula
What is Eccentric Muscle Action?
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
What is Concentric Muscle Action?
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle
What is Isokinetic Muscle Action?
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
What is Force?
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
What is Length Tension Relationship?
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can product at this resting length
What is Force Couple?
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
What is Rotary Motion?
Movement of the bones around the joints
What is Torque?
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm
What is Motor Behavior?
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
What is Motor Control?
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
What is Motor Learning?
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
What is Motor Development?
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
What are Muscle Synergies?
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
What is Sensorimotor Integration?
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
What is Feedback?
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
What is Internal Feedback?
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
What is External Feedback?
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor to supplement the internal environment
