Chapter 2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
What is the Human Movement System?
The combination of interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
What is the Nervous System?
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body
What is Sensory Function?
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in the the internal or external environment
What is Integrative Function?
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
What is Motor Function?
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
What is a Neuron?
The functional unit of the nervous system
What are Sensory AFFERENT Neurons?
They transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
What are Interneurons?
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
What are Motor EFFERENT Neurons?
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
What is the Central Nervous System?
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
What are Mechanoreceptors?
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
What are Muscle Spindles?
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
What are Golgi Tendon Organs?
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
What are Joint Receptors?
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
What is the Skeletal System?
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints
What are Bones?
They provide a resting ground for muscles and protections of vital organs
What are Joints?
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation
What is the Axial Skeleton?
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
What is Remodeling?
The process of resorption and formation of bone
What are Osteoclasts?
A type of bone cell that removes or BREAKS DOWN bone tissue
What are Osteoblasts?
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
What is Epiphysis?
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth
What is Diaphysis?
The shaft portion of a long bone
What is the Epiphyseal Plate?
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs
What is Periosteum?
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane
What is the Medullar Cavity?
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
What is the Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage?
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
What are Depressions?
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
What are Processes?
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
What is the Vertebral Column?
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
What is ARTHROKINEMATICS?
Joint Motion
What are Synovial Joints?
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
What are NONSynovial Joints?
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
What is a Ligament?
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
What is the Muscular System?
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
What is Epimysium?
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
What is the Perimysium?
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
What is the Endomysium?
The deepest layer of connective tyissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
What are Tendons?
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
What is a Sarcomere?
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
What is Neural Activation?
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
What is a Motor Unit?
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
What are Neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
