Chapter 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Biomechanics
Positioned above a point of reference
Superior
Position below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or points of reference
Distal
On the front of the body.
Anterior (or ventral)
On the back of the body.
Posterior (or dorsal)
Positioned near the middle of the body.
Medial
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palm forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature.Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Anatomic position
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal plane
A bending movements in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Flexion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
extension
Extension of a jointed beyond the normal limits or range of motion
Hyperextension
Imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back Avenues
Frontal plane
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Movements in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body
Adduction
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
External rotation
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the Arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Horizontal adduction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular retraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline
Scapular protraction
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula
Scapular depression
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula
Scapular elevation
And eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening
Eccentric muscle action
When a muscle is Exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the Muscle
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle shortens as a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isokinetic muscle action
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in the acceleration or deceleration of the second object
Force
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Length tension relationship
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Force couple
Movement of the bones around the joints
Rotary motion
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque the newton-meter or Nm
Torque
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor behavior
How The central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a Motor response
Motor control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor learning
The change in Motor skill behavior over time throughout the Lifespan
Motor development
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement
Muscle synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements
Proprioception
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Sensorimotor integration
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
Internal feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement to the internal environment.
External feedback
