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NASM v4 > Chapter 2: Basic and Exercise Science > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic and Exercise Science Flashcards

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1
Q

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

A

The human movement system

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2
Q

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network with in the human body.

A

The nervous system (NS)

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3
Q

The ability of the nervous system sends changes in either the internal or external environment

A

Sensory function-(NS)

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4
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information that allow for proper decision-making, which produces the appropriate response.

A

Integrative function-(NS)

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5
Q

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

A

Motor function-(NS)

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6
Q

The cumulative Sensory input to the central nervous system from all Mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

A

Proprioception-(NS)

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7
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron-(NS)

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8
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons-(NS)

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9
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons-(NS)

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10
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

A

Motor (efferent) neurons-(NS)

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11
Q

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system-(NS)

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12
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

A

Peripheral nervous system-(NS)

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13
Q

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

A

Mechanoreceptors-(NS)

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14
Q

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rates of that change

A

Muscle spindles-(NS)

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15
Q

Receptors sensitive to change intention of the muscle at the rate of that change

A

Golgi tendon organs-(NS)

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16
Q

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, Acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

A

Joint receptors-(NS)

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17
Q

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.

A

The skeletal system-(SS)

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18
Q

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

A

Bones-(SS)

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19
Q

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

A

Joints-(SS)

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20
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

A

Axial skeleton-(SS)

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21
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

A

appedicular skeleton-(SS)

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22
Q

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

A

Remodeling-(SS)

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23
Q

The type of phone itself that’s removes bone tissue

A

Osteoclasts-(SS)

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24
Q

The type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

A

Osteoblasts-(SS)

25
Q

What are the five types of bones?-(SS)

A 
Long: humerus, femur.
Short: carpels of hand, tarsals of feet
Flat: scapulae
Irregular: vertebrae
Sesamoid: patella
26
Q

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red Marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

A

Epiphysis-(SS)

27
Q

The shaft portion of the long bone.

A

Diaphysis-(SS)

28
Q

The region of long bones connecting the diaphysis to The epiphysis. It is a layer of the subdividing cartilages cells in which growth in the length the diaphysis occurs.

A

Epiphyseal Plate-(SS)

29
Q

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

A

Periosteum-(SS)

30
Q

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

A

Medullar Cavity-(SS)

31
Q

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the bone

A

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage-(SS)

32
Q

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

A

Depressions-(SS)

33
Q

Projections protruding from the bone with muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

A

Processes-(SS)

34
Q

a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

A

Vertebral Column (Backbone, or Spinal Column)-(SS)

35
Q

First seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column

A

Cervical spine-(SS)

36
Q

12 vertebrate located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs

A

Thoracic spine-(SS)

37
Q

Five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine

A

Lumbar Spine-(SS)

38
Q

Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine

A

Sacrum-(SS)

39
Q

Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone

A

Coccyx-(SS)

40
Q

Joint motion

A

Arthrokinematics-(SS)

41
Q

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.

A

Synovial joints-(SS)

42
Q

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage. Examples are seen in the sutures of the skull, the distal joint of the tibia and fibula, in the symphysis pubis (pubic bones).

A

Nonsynovial joints-(SS)

43
Q

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

A

Ligament-(SS)

44
Q

movements in sagittal plane

A

flexion and extension

45
Q

movements in frontal plane

A

abduction and adduction in limbs
lateral flexion of spine
eversion and inversion at foot and ankle

46
Q

movements in tranverse plane

A

internal rotation and external rotation in limbs
right and left rotation for trunk
horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction in limbs
pronation and supination in forearm

47
Q

3 types of muscle actions

A
  • isotonic (eccentric and concentric)
  • isometric
  • isokinetic
48
Q

length-tension relationship

A

resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this length

49
Q

force-couple

A

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

50
Q

1st class levers

A

fulcrum in the middle (nodding head)

51
Q

2nd class levers

A

resistance in middle, fulcrum and lever on either side (calf raise)

52
Q

3rd class levers

A

effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum, most levers in the body (forearm) Fulcrum: elbow, Load: hand or dumbell, effort: Bicep

53
Q

motor behavior

A

motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli

54
Q

motor control

A

how the CNS integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce responses

55
Q

motor learning

A

integration of motor control processes through practice and experience: leads to a permanent change in capacity to produce skilled movements

56
Q

motor development

A

change of motor behavior over time throughout the lifespan

57
Q

proprioception

A

cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements

58
Q

sensorimotor integration

A

cooperation of CNS and muscular system in executing movement (nervous system dictates movement)

59
Q

2 types of feedback

A 
internal (sensory feedback: monitoring movement internally)
external feedback (info provided by external source)

NASM v4 (15 decks)

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