chapter 5 (health-compromising behaviours)

Question 1

epigenetics

Answer 1

study of how one’s behaviours and environment can affect genetic transcription, sometimes called expression (ex: methylation or acetylation).

Question 2

substance use disorder

Answer 2

condition that arises when an individual uses a substance repeatedly, leading to functional or clinical impairment. four basic criteria used to determine diagnosis of a substance disorder:
1. risky use
2. impaired control
3. social impairment
4. pharmacological effects

Question 3

craving

Answer 3

a strong desire to engage in a behaviour or consume a substance, such as alcohol or tobacco, which appears, in part, to occur through the conditioning of physical dependence on environmental cues associated with the behaviour.

Question 4

tolerance

Answer 4

the process by which the body increasingly adapts to a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects; a frequent characteristic of substance abuse, including alcohol and drug abuse.

Question 5

withdrawal

Answer 5

unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that people experience when they stop using a substance on which they have become physically dependent. symptoms include anxiety, craving, hallucination, nausea, headaches, and shaking.

Question 6

addiction

Answer 6

the state of physical or psychological dependence on a substance that develops when that substance is used over a period of time.

Question 7

unease modulation model (UM model)

Answer 7

new view of addiction. separates stress into its component parts, describes the interactions between the components, and provides actions to modulate stress and improve health.

Question 8

harm reduction

Answer 8

an intervention strategy that focuses on the risks and consequences of substance use rather than on the use itself.

Question 9

psychoactive substances

Answer 9

substances such as alcohol and illicit drugs that, when ingested, impact cognitive and affective processes and alter the way a person behaves.

Question 10

standard drink

Answer 10

5 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits, or 12 ounces of beer.

Question 11

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 11

group of disorders involving congenital damage to the central nervous system, which results from prenatal alcohol exposure.

Question 12

detoxification

Answer 12

process of withdrawing from alcohol, usually conducted in a supervised, medically monitored setting.

Question 13

placebo drinking

Answer 13

consumption of nonalcoholic beverages in social situations in which others are drinking alcohol or the alternation of an alcoholic with a nonalcoholic beverage to reduce the total volume of alcohol consumed.

Question 14

self-help aids

Answer 14

materials that can be used by an individual on their own without the aid of a therapist to assist in the modification of a personal habit; often used to combat smoking and other health-related risk factors.

Question 15

smoking-prevention programs

Answer 15

programs designed to keep people from beginning to smoke; as opposed to programs that attempt to induce people to stop once they have already become smokers.

Question 16

social influence intervention

Answer 16

a smoking-prevention intervention that draws on the social learning principles of modelling and behavioural inoculation in inducing people to not smoke; youngsters are exposed to older peer models who deliver anti-smoking messages after exposure to simulated peer pressure to smoke.

Question 17

behavioural inoculation

Answer 17

concept developed for smoking interventions and similar in rationale to inoculations against disease, that suggests that exposure to a weak version of a persuasive message may help to develop counterarguments against that message so that a stronger form of that message can be successfully resisted.

Question 18

life-skills training approach

Answer 18

smoking prevention program characterized by the belief that training in self-esteem and coping skills will boost self-image to the point that smoking becomes unnecessary or inconsistent with lifestyle.

Question 19

passive smoking/second-hand smoke

Answer 19

non-smokers inhaling of smoke as a result of exposure to smokers; believed to cause problems such as bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

Question 20

anorexia nervosa

Answer 20

condition produced by excessive dieting and exercise that yields body weight grossly below optimal level; most common among adolescent girls.

Question 21

bulimia

Answer 21

eating syndrome characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging through techniques such as vomiting, laxative abuse, or extreme dieting.