chapter 10 (pain and management) Flashcards
pain behaviours
behaviours that result in response to pain, such as cutting back on work or taking drugs. four basic types:
1. facial/audible expressions of distress.
2. distortions in posture or gait.
3. negative affect.
4. avoidance of activity.
nociception
the perception of pain (mechanical).
thermal damage
the experience of pain due to temperature exposure.
polymodal nociception
the experience of pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.
gate-control theory
theory for understanding pain, developed by ronald melzack and patrick wall, which suggests psychological factors play a significant role in the experience of pain.
phantom limb pain
a phenomenon that occurs commonly among amputees whereby an individual experiences pain in a limb that is not there.
neuromatrix theory
an extension to the gate control theory; there is a network of neurons that extends throughout areas of the brain to create the felt representation of a unified physical self, called the body-self neuromatrix, that contributes to the experience of pin and can explain phenomena such as phantom limb pain.
endogenous opioid peptides
opiate-like substances produced by the body.
acute pain
short-term pain that usually results from a specific injury
chronic pain
pain that may begin after an injury but that does not respond to treatment and persists over time (greater than 6 months).
chronic benign pain
pain that typically persists for six months or longer and is relatively intractable to treatment. the pain varies in severity and may involve any number of muscle groups. chronic low back pain and myofascial pain syndrome are examples.
recurrent acute pain
pain that involves a series of intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition persist for more than six months. migraine headaches, temporomandibular disorder (involving the jaw), and trigeminal neuralgia (involving spasms of the facial muscles) are examples.
chronic progressive pain
pain that persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time; typically, it is associated with malignancies or degenerative disorders, such as skeletal metastatic disease or rheumatoid arthritis.
Sickness Behaviour
a cluster of behaviours including pain sensitivity, fatigue, depressed mood, decreased appetite for food and water, social isolation, reduced interest for sexual activity, and cognitive dysfunction resulting from increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
pain control
the ability to reduce the experience of pain, report of pain, emotional concern over pain, instability to tolerate pain, or presence of pain-related behaviours.
counterirritation
a pain control technique that involves inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area, sometimes adjacent to the area in which the pain is perceived.
biofeedback
a method whereby an individual is provided with ongoing, specific information or feedback about how a particular physiological process operates so that they can learn how to modify that process.
hypnosis
a pain management technique involving relaxation, suggestion, distraction, and the focusing of attention.
acupuncture
a technique of healing and pain control, developed in china, in which long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body to reduce discomfort in a target area of the body.
distraction
a pain control method that may involve either focusing on a stimulus irrelevant to the pain experience or reinterpreting the pain experience; redirecting attention to reduce pain.
cold pressor test
a method for assessing pain tolerance and intensity that involves participants submerging their hands to the wrist in frigid water and keeping them there as long as they can.
pain interference
the level to which pain interferes with tasks of daily functioning.
guided imagery
a technique of relaxation and pain control in which a person conjures up a picture that is held in mind during a painful or stressful experience.
pain management programs
coordinated, interdisciplinary efforts to modify chronic pain by bringing together neurological, cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic expertise concerning pain; such programs aim not only to make pain more manageable but also to modify the lifestyle that has evolved because of the pain.
