chapter 10 (pain and management)

Question 1

pain behaviours

Answer 1

behaviours that result in response to pain, such as cutting back on work or taking drugs. four basic types:
1. facial/audible expressions of distress.
2. distortions in posture or gait.
3. negative affect.
4. avoidance of activity.

Question 2

nociception

Answer 2

the perception of pain (mechanical).

Question 3

thermal damage

Answer 3

the experience of pain due to temperature exposure.

Question 4

polymodal nociception

Answer 4

the experience of pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.

Question 5

gate-control theory

Answer 5

theory for understanding pain, developed by ronald melzack and patrick wall, which suggests psychological factors play a significant role in the experience of pain.

Question 6

phantom limb pain

Answer 6

a phenomenon that occurs commonly among amputees whereby an individual experiences pain in a limb that is not there.

Question 7

neuromatrix theory

Answer 7

an extension to the gate control theory; there is a network of neurons that extends throughout areas of the brain to create the felt representation of a unified physical self, called the body-self neuromatrix, that contributes to the experience of pin and can explain phenomena such as phantom limb pain.

Question 8

endogenous opioid peptides

Answer 8

opiate-like substances produced by the body.

Question 9

acute pain

Answer 9

short-term pain that usually results from a specific injury

Question 10

chronic pain

Answer 10

pain that may begin after an injury but that does not respond to treatment and persists over time (greater than 6 months).

Question 11

chronic benign pain

Answer 11

pain that typically persists for six months or longer and is relatively intractable to treatment. the pain varies in severity and may involve any number of muscle groups. chronic low back pain and myofascial pain syndrome are examples.

Question 12

recurrent acute pain

Answer 12

pain that involves a series of intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition persist for more than six months. migraine headaches, temporomandibular disorder (involving the jaw), and trigeminal neuralgia (involving spasms of the facial muscles) are examples.

Question 13

chronic progressive pain

Answer 13

pain that persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time; typically, it is associated with malignancies or degenerative disorders, such as skeletal metastatic disease or rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 14

Sickness Behaviour

Answer 14

a cluster of behaviours including pain sensitivity, fatigue, depressed mood, decreased appetite for food and water, social isolation, reduced interest for sexual activity, and cognitive dysfunction resulting from increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Question 15

pain control

Answer 15

the ability to reduce the experience of pain, report of pain, emotional concern over pain, instability to tolerate pain, or presence of pain-related behaviours.

Question 16

counterirritation

Answer 16

a pain control technique that involves inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area, sometimes adjacent to the area in which the pain is perceived.

Question 17

biofeedback

Answer 17

a method whereby an individual is provided with ongoing, specific information or feedback about how a particular physiological process operates so that they can learn how to modify that process.

Question 18

hypnosis

Answer 18

a pain management technique involving relaxation, suggestion, distraction, and the focusing of attention.

Question 19

acupuncture

Answer 19

a technique of healing and pain control, developed in china, in which long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body to reduce discomfort in a target area of the body.

Question 20

distraction

Answer 20

a pain control method that may involve either focusing on a stimulus irrelevant to the pain experience or reinterpreting the pain experience; redirecting attention to reduce pain.

Question 21

cold pressor test

Answer 21

a method for assessing pain tolerance and intensity that involves participants submerging their hands to the wrist in frigid water and keeping them there as long as they can.

Question 22

pain interference

Answer 22

the level to which pain interferes with tasks of daily functioning.

Question 23

guided imagery

Answer 23

a technique of relaxation and pain control in which a person conjures up a picture that is held in mind during a painful or stressful experience.

Question 24

pain management programs

Answer 24

coordinated, interdisciplinary efforts to modify chronic pain by bringing together neurological, cognitive, behavioural, and psychodynamic expertise concerning pain; such programs aim not only to make pain more manageable but also to modify the lifestyle that has evolved because of the pain.