chapter 2 (systems of the body)

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

system of body responsible for transmission of information from brain to rest of body and vice versa. composed of central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (remainder of nerves in body).

Question 2

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

part of the nervous system that mobilizes the body for action; plays an important role in reactions to stress. catabolic system (concerned with mobilization and exertion of energy).

Question 3

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

part of the nervous system that controls the activities of organs under normal circumstances and acts antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system; when an emergency has passed, the parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to a normal state.

Question 4

medulla

Answer 4

part of the brain that regulates heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, and rate of breathing.

Question 5

pons

Answer 5

link between the hindbrain and midbrain; helps control respiration.

Question 6

thalamus

Answer 6

portion of the forebrain responsible for recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

part of the forebrain that helps regulate the centres in the medulla that control cardiac functioning, blood pressure, and respiration; it is also responsible for regulating water balance in the body and for regulating appetites, including hunger and sexual desire.

Question 8

cerebral cortex

Answer 8

largest portion of the brain; involved in higher-order intelligence, memory, and personality.

Question 9

neurotransmitters

Answer 9

chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning.

Question 10

catecholamines

Answer 10

the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine that promote sympathetic nervous system activity; they enter the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body promoting the activity of sympathetic stimulation.

Question 11

endocrine system

Answer 11

bodily system of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood to stimulate target organs; interacts with nervous system functioning.

Question 12

pituitary gland

Answer 12

gland located at the base of and controlled by the brain that secretes the hormones responsible for growth and organ development.

Question 13

adrenal glands

Answer 13

two small glands, located on top of the kidneys, that are part of the endocrine system and secrete several hormones, including cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, that are involved in responses to stress.

Question 14

cardiovascular system

Answer 14

transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other waisted to the kidneys for excretion. composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 15

atherosclerosis

Answer 15

major cause of heart disease; caused by the narrowing of the arterial walls due to formation of plaques that reduce flow of blood through the arteries and interfere with the passage of nutrients from the capillaries into the cells.

Question 16

angina pectoris

Answer 16

chest pain that occurs because the muscle tissue of the heart must continue its activity without a sufficient supply of oxygen or adequate removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Question 17

myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 17

heart attach produced when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel, blocking the flow of blood to the heart.

Question 18

blood pressure

Answer 18

the force that blood exerts against vessel walls.

Question 19

platelets

Answer 19

small disks found in blood that clump together to block small holes that develop in blood vessels. play an important role in blood clotting.

Question 20

immunity

Answer 20

the body’s resistance to injury from invading organisms. acquired from the mother at birth, through disease, or through vaccinations and inoculations.

Question 21

nonspecific immune mechanisms

Answer 21

general set of responses to any kind of infection or disorder that is engaged by the presence of a biological invader. (ex: anatomical barriers like skin, phagocytosis, antimicrobial substances, and inflammatory response).

Question 22

specific immune mechanisms

Answer 22

responses designed to respond to specific invaders; they are always acquired after birth.

Question 23

phagocytosis

Answer 23

process by which certain white blood cells (called phagocytes) ingest microbes.

Question 24

humoral immunity

Answer 24

fast-acting immune response that defends body against bacterial and viral infections that have not yet invaded the cells; mediated by B lymphocytes.

Question 25

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 25

slow-acting immune response , involving T lymphocytes, that operates at the cellular level.

Question 26

lymphatic system

Answer 26

drainage system of body. involved in immune functioning.

Question 27

autoimmunity

Answer 27

condition in which the body produces an immune response against its own tissues.

Question 28

allostatic load

Answer 28

the accumulating adverse effects of stress, in conjunction with pre-existing risks, on biological stress regulatory systems. repeated activation of hpa axis due to chronic stress can compromise its functioning.

Question 29

“inflammaging”

Answer 29

chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation that contributes to the pathogens is of age-related diseases.