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PSYC 322 > Chapter 5: Health and Prevention > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Health and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just the absence of illness or disability

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2
Q

Activities of daily living (ADL)

A

bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, eating

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3
Q

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)

A

provide a functional assessment of health status by degree of independence an individual can maintain (e.g. ability to use the telephone, go shopping, prepare meals, do chores, use transportation, take medicine, handle finances, etc.)

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4
Q

Behavioral risk factors for chronic (non-communicable) disease

A

tobacco use, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity

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5
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

a set of abnormal conditions that develop in the heart and arteries; leading cause of death worldwide

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits (plaque) collect at an abnormally high rate, reducing the width of arteries and limiting blood circulation

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7
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

general term for thickening and hardening of arteries; part of normal aging

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8
Q

Coronary (ischemic) heart disease

A

atherosclerosis affects the arteries that feed the heart muscle

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9
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

acute condition in which blood supply to part of the heart muscle (myocardium) is severely reduced or blocked

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10
Q

Hypertension

A

chronic abnormally elevated blood pressure (greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic), measured as systolic and diastolic

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11
Q

Systolic

A

pressure exerted by blood as it is pushed out of the heart during contraction

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12
Q

Diastolic

A

pressure when blood is relaxed between beats

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13
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body’s other organs; person is unable to exert oneself without exhaustion and may experience swelling due to edema (fluid buildup)

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14
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

disorders of circulation to the brain

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15
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

artery leading to the brain is clogged by a blood clot/plaque/other particle

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16
Q

Transient ischemic attack or ministroke

A

same cause as stroke but the artery blockage is temporary and symptoms last for less than 24 hrs, often followed by full strokes

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17
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

refers to people having a cluster of symptoms associated with high-risk factors for cardiovascular and related diseases

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18
Q

Metabolic syndrome symptoms

A

high blood sugar, blood pressure, low hdl and high hdl (cholesterol), high triglycerides, excess fat around waist

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19
Q

Most common cancers

A

lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, skin, stomach

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20
Q

How does cancer develop?

A

an interaction between genetic inheritance and random mutations that cause the body’s cells to malfunction (due to exposure to environmental agents e.g. carcinogens like radiation)

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21
Q

Top modifiable risk factors for cancer

A

smoking, physical inactivity, and excess weight

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22
Q

Musculoskeletal diseases

A

conditions that develop in the bones and joins; not fatal themselves but can lead to injury or bodily harm that cause death

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23
Q

Arthritis

A

general term for conditions affecting joints and surrounding tissues that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling

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24
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

most common; affects joints in the hips, knees, neck, lower back, and hands that are vulnerable injuries sustained through overuse

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25
Q

Cancer treatments

A

radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapies

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26
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mineral content due to an imbalance between rates of bone resorption and bone growth; more frequent in women because of lower bone mass

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27
Q

Diabetes

A

inability of body to metabolize glucose because it either cannot produce insulin, cannot properly use insulin (insulin insensitivity) or does not make enough

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28
Q

Type 2 diabetes or Adult-onset diabetes

A

insulin insensitivity; gradually reduces an individual’s ability to convert dietary glucose to a form that can be used by the body’s cells

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29
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

fatigue, frequent urination, unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow healing of sores

30
Q

Insulin resistance

A

body’s tissues fail to respond to insulin signal, so insulin produced by the pancreas cannot bind to cells’ receptors and excess glucose is excreted in urine instead

31
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

blood sugar levels are too low causing an individual to be nervous, jittery, faint, and confused

32
Q

Ethnicities at higher risk of developing diabetes

A

South Asian, Hispanic, Arab, Asian, African

33
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

group of diseases that involve obstruction of the airflow into the respiratory system

34
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A

coughing, excess sputum, difficulty breathing

35
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

long-standing inflammation of the bronchi, airways that lead into the lungs

36
Q

Chronic emphysema

A

permanent destruction of the alveoli, narrowing of bronchi causing difficulty in exchange of oxygen and CO2

37
Q

12 main determinants of health

A

income and social status, employment and working conditions, education and literacy, childhood experience, physical environment, social support and coping skills, healthy behaviors, access to health services, genetic endowment, gender, culture, race

38
Q

Lifespan

A

maximum longevity or the oldest age to which any individual of a species lives

39
Q

Average longevity or average life expectancy

A

the age at which half of the individuals born in a year will have died

40
Q

Factors that influence life expectancy

A

genetics, gender, environment

41
Q

Active life expectancy or healthspan

A

years living in a healthy state or independently

42
Q

Dependent life expectancy

A

remaining years living in a dependent state

43
Q

Illness

A

presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment

44
Q

Immunosenescence

A

gradual deterioration of the immune system from natural age advancement

45
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive

46
Q

Innate immunity

A

rapid but non-specific response when body detects anything foreign

47
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

slow response when body recognizes a virus and carries out a specific response for every encounter

48
Q

Immune system changes in older adults

A

more susceptible to certain infections and consequences from illnesses, higher risk of cancer, less benefit from immunizations, longer time to build immune defenses, autoimmunity

49
Q

Autoimmunity

A

immune system can begin attacking the body itself

50
Q

Acute diseases

A

develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health; contracted less as we age but impact becomes more severe

51
Q

Chronic diseases

A

last a longer period of time (at least 3 months) and may be accompanied by residual functional impairment that needs long-term management

52
Q

Non-health-related quality of life

A

things in the environment (entertainment, economic resources, arts) that can affect overall experience in life

53
Q

Health-related quality of life

A

all aspects of life that are affected by changes in one’s health status

54
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

body cannot produce insulin; generally develops among children and adolescents; treated with insulin, diet planning, and exercise

55
Q

Risks of diabetes and having high blood sugar

A

damage and narrowing of arteries, nerve damage, chronic kidney disease, lower limb amputation, diabetic retinopathy (blindness), heart attack, stroke, erectile dysfunction,

56
Q

Type 3 or Gestational diabetes

A

impacts ~20% of pregnant women; managed through diet, exercise, meditation

57
Q

Prevention of diabetes

A

maintain a healthy weight with physical activity (cardio) and healthy diet (whole grains, lean meat), screening if 40+

58
Q

Barriers to self-care for individuals with diabetes

A

adherence to frequency of dose and type of therapy, attitudes and cultural beliefs (on insulin therapy, meds, injections), comorbidities, poor patient-practitioner communication, lack of social support, finances

59
Q

Stages of cancer (0-IV)

A

no cancer but have abnormal cells, cancer is small and concentrated, cancer is larger, cancer has grown into nearby tissues or lymph nodes, cancer has spread to other body parts (advanced or metastatic)

60
Q

Common signs and symptoms of cancer

A

fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever, pain, skin changes, unusual lump

61
Q

Fear of cancer recurrence

A

one of the most common problems for cancer survivors and their carers

62
Q

Post-traumatic growth

A

positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances

63
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke

A

arteries or blood vessels within or on the surface of the brain bursts (e.g. aneurysm)

64
Q

Effects of stroke

A

weakness or paralysis in arms and legs, speech, reading, writing, swallowing, vision, memory, thinking problems, losing bowel and bladder control, muscle pain and headaches, fatigue, pseudobulbar affect

65
Q

Pseudobulbar affect

A

sudden and uncontrollable laughing or crying

66
Q

Modifiable risk factors of stroke

A

high bp, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, being overweight, smoking, excessive drinking, drug use, inactivity

67
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors of stroke

A

age, ethnicity (higher for POC), gender (higher for males), family history of heart disease, type 1 diabetes

68
Q

Challenges for spousal caregivers

A

changes to assumptive world, unprepared for caregiving role, burden of daily demands, shifts in relationship (marital strain, lack of support for caregiver, intimacy, or increased closeness)

69
Q

Stress

A

negative emotional, subjective experience accompanied by predictable changes; circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax their ability to cope

70
Q

Fast pathway in fight or flight response

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary pathway; nerve signals from brain signal the release of adrenaline; increased heart rate, lung volume, and blood to muscles

71
Q

Slow pathway in fight or flight response

A

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortical pathway; hormones released from brain trigger release of cortisol

PSYC 322 (13 decks)

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