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PSYC 322 > Chapter 4: Physical Changes > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Physical Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Part of body most vulnerable to age-related changes

A

skin

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2
Q

Major age-related changes in skin

A

fewer melanocytes, thinning of epidermis, loss of elasticity and flexibility in connective tissue, loss of subcutaneous fat, reduced sebaceous and sweat gland activity

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of the skin that consists of a thin covering covering that protects the underlying tissue; loses regular patterning over time

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4
Q

Dermis

A

middle layer of the skin made of connective tissue which contain cells, glands, and hair follicles

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5
Q

Changes in 2 types of protein molecules that make up dermis

A

collagen undergoes cross-linking and elastin is less able to return to original shape after stretching from movements which causes skin to sag, become more rigid, and less flexible

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6
Q

Subcutaneous fat layer

A

bottommost layer of the skin that gives its opacity and smoothes curves of the arms, legs, and face; begins to thin which worsens wrinkling and sagging from changes in dermis, and makes blood vessels more visible

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7
Q

Age-related changes in the face

A

bone loss in skull (particularly jaw), elongation of nose and ears due to changes in cartilage, muscles’ loss of ability to contract which reduces smiling width

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8
Q

Age-related changes in eyes

A

bags, small lines at creases (crow’s feet), dark pigmentation, puffiness, need for glasses

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9
Q

Photoaging

A

age-related changes in the skin due to radiation from the sun

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10
Q

Effects of photoaging

A

changes in collagen and elastin molecules that contribute to wrinkling and sagging of skin, and discoloration due to changes in pigmentation

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11
Q

Cause of greying of hair

A

hair loses its pigment as the production of melanin slows and eventually stops

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12
Q

Hair loss

A

destruction of germination centres that produce hair in hair follicles

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13
Q

Androgenetic alopecia

A

most common form of hair loss wherein hair follicles stop producing terminal hair and instead produce vellus hair

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14
Q

Cause of decrease in height

A

loss of bone material in vertebrae causing spine to collapse and shorten

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15
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

an index of body fat calculated by weight in kg/height in meters; increases over time as fat-free mass or lean tissue decreases

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16
Q

Changes in gait in later adulthood

A

slowing, impaired balance and stability, lower extremity strength, and a fear of falling

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17
Q

Sarcopenia

A

progressive age-related loss of muscle mass with consequent loss of strength (primary aging); begins at age ~35

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18
Q

Effects of sarcopenia

A

decline in speed and strength (fast-twitch muscle fibers) but retained muscular endurance and minor effects on eccentric strength

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19
Q

Sarcopenic obsesity

A

individual both loses muscle and gains body fat

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20
Q

Best way to counteract sarcopenia

A

strength training with free weights or resistance machines

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21
Q

Bone remodelling

A

reconstruction of bones in which old cells are destroyed and replaced by new ones

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22
Q

Plaque

A

hard deposits inside arterial walls formed by fats circulating throughout the blood that consist of cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin (clotting material in blood)

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23
Q

Measures of cardiovascular efficiency

A

aerobic capacity and cardiac output

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24
Q

Aerobic capacity

A

maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood

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25
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute

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26
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

“good” cholesterol that transports lipids out of the body

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27
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

“bad” cholesterol that transports cholesterol to arteries

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28
Q

Lung age

A

mathematical function showing how old your lung is based on both age and a measure obtained from a spirometer called forced expiratory volume

29
Q

2 ways to minimize the effect of aging on respiratory system

A

stay away from or quit smoking, and exercise which improves ability of lungs to expand and contract

30
Q

Nephrons

A

tiny filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste, which combine in the bladder with excess water from blood and are eliminated as urine

31
Q

Urge incontinence

A

form of urinary incontinence where one experiences a sudden need to urinate and may even leak

32
Q

Stress incontinence

A

individual is unable to retain urine while engaging in some form of physical exertion

33
Q

Overactive bladder

A

need to urinate more often than normal and incontinence

34
Q

Age-related changes in the digestive system

A

decrease in saliva production, loss of lower jaw’s ability to move while chewing, loss of esophagus’ ability to contract and expand, fewer gastric juices secreted in stomach

35
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of ability to adjust and focus vision on close objects due to thickening and hardening of the lens, resulting in the need for reading glasses; affects the entire population by age 50

36
Q

Cataract

A

clouding or opacity in the lens because retina cannot clearly focus on images; leading cause of blindness worldwide

37
Q

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)

A

impairment of central vision caused by damage to the photoreceptors in the macula that affects 15% of those 80+; increased risk from exposure to sunlight and smoking

38
Q

Macula

A

central region of the retina that is normally used for reading, driving, and other visually demanding activities

39
Q

2 forms of ARMD

A

dry form where drusen or yellow deposits under the retina develops in the macula (no known treatment) and wet form where blood vessels in the retina leak blood or fluid

40
Q

Glaucoma

A

a group of conditions causing loss of peripheral vision (may lead to blindness) due to destruction of neurons, from the retina to the optic nerve, by increased pressure within the eyeball; no early symptoms or pain

41
Q

Presbycusis

A

degenerative changes, occurring from the cochlea or auditory nerve to the brain, that are associated with loss of hearing high-pitched sounds

42
Q

Tinnitus

A

symptom in which an individual perceives sounds in the head or ear (e.g. ringing noise) when there is no external source

43
Q

2 symptoms most often associated with age-related vestibular dysfunction

A

dizziness and vertigo

44
Q

Dizziness

A

uncomfortable sensation of feeling light-headed and even floating

45
Q

Vertigo

A

sensation of spinning even when the body is at rest

46
Q

Fear of falling

A

unhealthy form of identity accommodation wherein individuals increase their perceived instability, thus further restricting their movement

47
Q

Chemosensation

A

chemical sensing system for smell and taste wherein sensory receptors are triggered when molecules released by substances stimulate cells in the mouth, nose, or throat

48
Q

Somatosensory system

A

sends information about touch, temperature, and position to the nervous system

49
Q

Proprioception

A

awareness of bodily position and movement by providing information about position of limbs when you are you are standing still

50
Q

Kinesthesis

A

awareness of bodily movement

51
Q

Common changes in vision from primary aging

A

decrease in amount of light passing through, increased sensitivity to glare, light/dark adaptation declines, gradual decline in peripheral vision

52
Q

Common vision condition due to primary aging

A

presbyopia

53
Q

Common vision conditions due to secondary aging

A

cataract, macular degeneration, glaucoma

54
Q

Causes for declines in balance

A

declines in vestibular function and proprioception (primary aging), vertigo and dizziness (secondary aging)

55
Q

Multifactorial causes for progressive, age-related loss of muscle tissue and strength

A

changes in hormones, disuse, chronic disease, nutritional deficiencies

56
Q

Ligament

A

short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects 2 bones or cartilages or holds together a joint; becomes less elastic over time and prone to damage/tearing

57
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in your joints gradually deteriorates; somewhere between primary and secondary aging

58
Q

Risks for osteoarthritis increase with…

A

age, sex (more likely in women), past injury, genetics, obesity (due to extra weight on joints)

59
Q

Common symptoms for osteoarthritis

A

pain, tenderness, stiffness, swelling, loss of flexibility, grating sensations (bones), bone spurs (extra bits of bone growing around joints)

60
Q

Treatments for osteoarthritis

A

exercise and weight control, medications, injections, physical/occupational therapy, surgery

61
Q

Osteoporosis or “the silent thief”

A

low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (secondary aging); more common in menopausal women

62
Q

Why are women more at risk of osteoporosis?

A

less bone mass, greater rate of bone density decreases, insufficient dietary calcium, less weight bearing activities, low levels of estrogen

63
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A

genes, previous falls and broken bones, smoking, alcohol, certain medications, where you live

64
Q

Preventative measures for osteoporosis

A

assessment 65+ (50+ if person has broken a bone), calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise, avoiding smoking and alcohol

65
Q

Most common causes for falls in elderly

A

accidents, difficulty with walking gait/balance, dizziness, vertigo, fainting, drop attacks, postural hypotension (lightheadedness from changing positions)

66
Q

Most common risk factors for falling

A

muscle weakness, balance deficit, walking gait deficit, mobility limitations, vision problems, postural hypotension

67
Q

Prevention for falls

A

eliminate environmental risks and modify home, screening and treatment, assistive devices, exercise program (e.g. tai chi), medication

68
Q

Age-related changes in height

A

females loss ~2” and males lose ~1” due to postural changes, spinal compression

69
Q

Age-related changes in weight

A

gains in fat and loss of lean muscle in 20s-mid 50s then loss of muscle, bone, and some fat in older age

PSYC 322 (13 decks)

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