Chapter 5 Gerunds and infinitives Flashcards
Gerund (اسم مصدر)
the -ing form of a verb is gerund
1. فاعل
Flying has always been a good way to travel.
2. متمم قعل (بعد از تو بی)
her hobby is playing football
3. مفعول و مفعول حرف اضافه
he likes swimming.
he accused me of cheating.
- To express a way of doing something (manner) we use by : he went there by driving.
- negative: گذاشتن نات قبل از مصدر : he went there by not driving.
ADDITIONAL:
- صفت ملکی قبل از مصدر:
forgive my being so loud.
- No + Gerund:
she was so determind in her dissicion there was no going back
we cant use sefat malaki after “see, hear, watch, feel”
After Seem And Ready we have INFINITIVE
infinitives
to + verb is infinitive.
- for + noun + infinitive
it’s difficult for me to study this topic.
- negative: it’s so hard not to eat.
Infinitives of purpose
بیان منظور و هدف از انجام کار
- i was so tired to go to the party
بیان منظور چیزی و هدف از استفاده از چیزی
- telegram is to keep people connected.
- he had two bodyguards to protect him.
in order to = so as to = same purpose
- i did that in order to win
verb + infinitive
(افعالی که پس از آن‌ها مصدر میآید)
- P 102 = special verbs + infinitive
- he failed to make the crowd happy. -
Special Verbs + WH + Infinitive
- i don’t know how to learn this
- i forgot what i wanted to say
IT DOESN’T WORK FOR “WHY”
- Why leave so early? -
For “dear’ we can both use “to” and not “to”
- i wouldn’t dare ask him -
Progressive and Perfect Infinitive can be used after “hate, like, expect, claim, prefer, appear, pretend, seem”
- i expected you to be doing your homework
- i seem to have lost my girl.
- i prefer to be studying -
Passive Infinitive = to + be + pp
- the people have to be interviewd now
If there’s a must, we can use both passive and active. if it’s related to the Subject and the subject is a human, we can’t use passive.
- homework must be done.
- i have to go to work tomorrow
ANYWHERE/NOWHERE, PASSIVE.
he was no where to be found
Verb + Object + infinitive
-
Special Verbs + infinitive AND Special Verbs + object + Infinitive P 103
- I asked to see the manager.
- i asked the manager to help me.
we can use both to and not to for Help. -
Only Special verb+ object + infinitive. P 104
- He warned me not to touch anything. -
Only verb + verbing AND Verb + object + infinitive. P 104
- They don’t allow smoking in the building.
- They don’t allow you to smoke in the building. -
Only infinitive
After the first. the last, the second, the only and superlatives
- i am the first person to find myself in the middle of hell
After most of the adjectives
it + to be + adj + for noun + infinitive
- it is safe for us to camp here
- it is so kind of you to be with me
- i was forced to do this job.
Verb + Verb + ING
-
Verbs that ING comes after them. P105
- I enjoy spending time with you
Do you mind my moving your car? = do you mind if i move your car
would you mind my moving your car? = would you mind if i moved your car? -
Using ING After some special phrases P105
i’m looking forward to meeting her
AFTER MISS WE HAVE ING
infinitive or ing
هر دو رو استفاده کنیم.
VERBS: P 107
1. No difference.
BSC: begin, start, continue, can’t bear, can’t stand
- i began working/to work
IF THE STATED VERBS ARE PROGRESSIVE, WE USE INFINITIVE.
- It is starting to rain.
2. Yes difference in meanings
RNW : Need, require, want
- i need to cut the grass
- the grass needs cutting = the grass needs to be cut.
FRR : Regret, Remember, Forget
- i’ll never regret spending time with her.
کار تمام شده
- I won’t forget to call her.
در آینده انجام خواهد شد
try, stop, go on
1. STOP
- I stopped smoking last year.
عمل دوم متوقف شده است
- he stopped to talk to me
عمل دیگری بخاطر عمل دیگر قطع شده است
2. try
تجربه کردن، امتحان کردن
- i tried talking with her
سعی کردن
- please can you try to be quiet?
3. Go On
infinitive or ing (part 2)
prefer, hate, love
if they come with would we only use Infinitive
would you like to come with me?
i’d prefer to talk to her.
An interest about doing something can be used by both ING and infinitive
they prefer running/to run on the beach
Intend = infinitive
ADDITIONAL
I prefer teat to coffee
Tom prefers driving to travelling by train
tom prefers to live in a country rather than a city
Rather than
we can use both without to and ing
i decided to write rather than phone/phoning
Expressions + verb + Ing
Must come with ing
- It’s no/any good/use
- there’s no point in
- i can’t/couldn’t help
- worth
- have difficulty/trouble
- a waste of money/time
- spend/waste
-
Go + verb + ing
9 be used to/get used to - have fun/ have a good time
- be vusy
- be committed to
verb + infinitive without to
-
Let And Make
- Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable. (without to)
- She wouldn’t let me read the letter. (without to) -
Would Rather And Would sooner
- i’d rather not tell her what i think about her.
When we are giving orders, we use past tense
i’d rather you didn’t tell her what i said. -
Had better
- I’d better go now.
It’s for present and future. -
It’s Time
- it’s time to go home (with to)
- it’s time we went home (past)
emphsise words: High time and about time -
Help
Both with to and without to are correct
- He helped me solve/to solve this problem.
verb + infinitive without to
ADDITIONALS
like, as, then, except, or, and
- we had nothing to do except look at the pictures.
As well as
smoking is dangerous as well as making you smell bad
Subjunctive
پیشنهاد، توصیه، یا امر
that….Should
- she suggested that we should go out clean.
- she insisted us something be done about it.
THAT can be removed as well as SHOULD
Causative Case
Active Causuative
I had jane wash the dishes
i got jane to wash the dishes
she has jack cut her hair everytime
she gets jack to cut her hair everytime
Passive Causuative
- bill got/had the car repaired
- are you going to get/hvae the house painted?
- he had all of his money stolen when he was on a trip.
perception Verbs
- without to
- i saw him, go in the kitchen, grab a knife, and left
- i saw anna waiting for the boss - نشان دادن استمرار
i can hear jack playing the guitar. -
ONLY ING
Smell, find, catch, leave, sit, stand, lie - second verb can come with to or ing in precreption verbs with passive form
the missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
GENERALLY FOR PRECEPTIONS YOU EITHER USE “WIHTOUT TO” OR ING
Present participles
Present Participle
1. دو عمل همزمان با فاعل های یکسان
EQUAL SUBJECTS
- i ran out the house shouting.
- wandering effortlessly, i found myself in the hell i had been for a long time.
2. وقتی دو عمل انجام شده و عمل کوتاه تر عمل اصلی و طولانی را قطع کرده، عمل طولانی وجه وصفی معلوم میشود
- while i was shaving i cut myself —> shaving, i cut myself.
progressive verb turns into present participle.
3. عملی که علت است وجه وصفی معلوم خواهد بود
- Feeling tired i went to bed
- Not having a car, she finds it difficult to travel.
4. Two actions with equal subjects that have been happened progressively
first action will be present participle.
talking with her, she didn’t listen.
- he was hurt by me so he couldn’t be calm. —->
(being) hurt by me, he couldn’t be calm.
Perfect Participle
- دو عمل غیر همزمان با فاعل های یکسان، عمل زودتر انجام شده وجه وصفی
having + pp
- having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again
- having heart broken before, couldn’t think about any girls. - اگر عملی که زودتر انجام شده باشد حالت مجهول داشته باشد از وجه وصفی کامل استفاده میشود
- have been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables a t home.
- have been forced to fix it, she began to work.
we can remove “having been”
*ALL IS A SIGNAL WORD
