Chapter 5 Development and Socialization Flashcards
What is a sensitive window?
A sensitive window indicates a biological preparation for the acquisition of the information. 敏感窗口表明了获取信息的生理准备
things are learned more easily in this window of time
What are some aspects of culture that are learned in a sensitive window?
In particular, some aspects of language are learned in a sensitive window.
特别是，语言的某些方面是在敏感窗口期学习的
Humans have evolved such that they learn a language in a particular period of life (from very early, and the sensitivity declines markedly after puberty). 人类在进化过程中，会在生命的特定时期（从很早开始，青春期后敏感度会明显下降）学习语言
What is the study of phoneme discrimination about?
The study compared infants from English-speaking and Hindi-speaking parents 这项研究比较了父母讲英语和父母讲印地语的婴儿
不讲hindi的人无法分辨hindi phoemes
The task was whether infants could discriminate between two Hindi phonemes that are indistinguishable from adult non-Hindi speakers.
研究的任务是，婴儿能否分辨出两个不讲印地语的成人无法分辨的印地语音素。
Results: indicated that English infants younger than 8 months could reliably distinguish between the Hindi phonemes. 8 个月以下的英语婴儿能可靠地区分印地语音素
Indeed, phonemes from all languages can be discriminated by young infants.
事实上，所有语言的音素都能被小婴儿分辨出来
However, by 10 to 12 months of age, the English infants could no longer discriminate between the two Hindi phonemes. 但是，到了 10 到 12 个月大时，英语婴儿就不能再区分两种印地语音素了。
For Hindi infants， 他们还是都能听出
English Infants had learned to categorize sounds into English categories which don’t have perfect overlap with Hindi categories 他们学会了将声音归入英语类别，而这些类别与印地语类别并不完全重合
What is one aspect of language learning learnt poorly after puberty?
Some other aspects of language learning, in particular, accent, are learned poorly after puberty. 语言学习的其他一些方面，尤其是口音，在青春期之后就很难学会了
Militaries have made use of this by asking suspicious people to pronounce shibboleths. 军方就利用了这一点，要求可疑的人念出 “shibboleths”
Is there a sensitive window for acculturation? Study on Hong Kong immigrants
Experiment
Hypothesis: moving into a new culture after sensitive periods makes it harder to adapt to a new culture
To test the identity of people from Hong Kong to Vancouver with Canadian and Chinese culture
Whether the age of immigration and number of years spent in Canada correlated to their levels of cultural identification
Result
Chinese culture was not predicted by any of the variables in our study
不管人们几岁来的加拿大，都无法改变他们对中国身份认知的定位
Canadian culture
Arrive Canada before 15 →住得越久身份认同度越高
16 to 30 → 没有变化
After 31 → 住得越久身份认同度越低
The sensitive period for culture acquisition ends at around age 15
What is one study done by Shweder et al. on family bedroom arrangements in Indian and American adults about?
In one version, they were told the house had 3 bedrooms, and the family included a mother, a father, two daughters (aged 14 and 3), and three sons (aged 15, 11, and 8). 他们被告知房子有 3 间卧室，家庭成员包括一位母亲、一位父亲、两个女儿（分别为 14 岁和 3 岁）以及三个儿子（分别为 15 岁、11 岁和 8 岁）
美国文化更加赞同爸爸妈妈单独睡，女儿们睡一间，儿子们睡一间
Participants were asked to justify their decisions, and their justifications revealed some common underlying moral concerns.参与者被要求说明其决定的理由，他们的理由揭示了一些共同的潜在道德关切。
One moral concern emerged for both Indians and Americans: “Incest Avoidance.” 印度人和美国人都有一个道德问题： “避免乱伦”。
Other key Indian concerns were “Protection of the Vulnerable,” “Female Chastity Anxiety,” and “Respect for Hierarchy.” 印度的其他主要关注点是 “保护弱势群体”、”女性贞洁焦虑 “和 “尊重等级制度”
youngest one needs protection, 监督女儿的贞洁, 大儿子值得独立房间
Other key American concerns were the “Sacred Couple,” and “Autonomy Ideal.”
美国人关注的其他关键问题是 “神圣夫妻 “和 “自主理想”。
Mom and dad need time alone, and good for kids to have independence
What are Baumrind’s Tripartite parenting styles?
- Authoritative Parenting
Child-centred approach, high expectations for children’s maturity, trying to understand child’s feelings, encouraging children to be independent while maintaining limits on behaviours - Authoritarian Parenting
High demands on children, strict rules, little open dialogue between parents and children, low levels of warmth or responsiveness to child’s protests. - Permissive Parenting
High involvement with children, much warmth and responsiveness, but few limits and controls on behaviours.
Research shows that overall, authoritative parenting is associated with the best outcomes:
More parental warmth, acceptance, better school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance.父母更温暖、更接纳、学习成绩更好、更自主、更自立
But this is largely from WEIRD data. Do the results generalize to other cultures? 但这主要来自于我们的数据。这些结果是否适用于其他文化？
“Strict” parenting is common in many non-Western cultures. However these parenting styles seem different from “authoritarian” parenting. 在许多非西方文化中，”严格 “的教养方式很常见。但这些教养方式似乎不同于 “专制 “教养
In some non-Western cultures, infants and toddlers are indulged until they start school when parents become much stricter. 在一些非西方文化中，婴幼儿在入学前会受到放纵，而在入学后，父母会变得更加严格
Warmth and responsiveness by parents are communicated very differently across cultures. 在不同的文化中，父母的温情和回应方式也大不相同
“Authoritarian” parenting misses the role of “training” (in Chinese, chiao-shun - 教訓), which is central to many culture’s parenting ideals. 专制 “的养育方式忽略了 “训练”（中文为 “教训”）的作用，而 “训练 “是许多文化中养育理念的核心。
It is an effort to provide children with explicit examples of proper behaviour
训导 “是一种努力，为儿童提供正确行为的明确范例
Are Baumrind’s tripartite model of parenting styles applicable outside of the West?
Better academic achievement, more perceived parental warmth and acceptance, and increased family cohesion are associated with strong parental control in East Asia. 在东亚，较好的学习成绩、更多地感受到父母的温暖和接纳以及家庭凝聚力的增强与父母的强力控制有关
Euro-Americans viewed pressure from mothers to be negative and a sign that they weren’t being supported. Asian Americans viewed such pressure as a sign of support. 欧裔美国人认为来自母亲的压力是负面的，表明他们没有得到支持. 而亚裔美国人则认为这种压力是一种支持
However, children, universally, seem less happy with controlling parents. 然而，孩子们似乎普遍对父母的控制不太满意
more universal thoughts
Is turbulent adolescence a universal thing?
Other studies find that more difficult experiences among teenagers in societies characterized by individualism, modernity, and more role options.
其他研究发现，在以个人主义、现代性和更多角色选择为特征的社会中，青少年的困难经历更多
孩子被给予更多的压力，他们自己做决定
Emerging adulthood now lasts until around age 30 in the West
Delaying adult roles is associated with more distress in adolescence.
推迟扮演成人角色与青少年时期的更多痛苦有关
North Americans have been delaying the onset of adult roles more than before.
与以往相比，北美人开始扮演成人角色的时间有所推迟
5 milestones: Completing schooling, leaving home, becoming financially independent, getting married, having children.
5 个里程碑： 完成学业、离家、经济独立、结婚、生子
then you are fully an adult
In 1960 in the US, 77% of women and 65% of men had passed all 5
of these by the age of 30. In 2000 it was less than 50% of women and 30% of men.
下降了百分之30左右
Around the world, entering adulthood leads to changes in personality.
在世界各地，步入成年都会导致性格发生变化
People become more conscientious, more agreeable, and less neurotic.
人们变得更认真、更合群、更不神经质
This maturation happens sooner in countries where people take on adult roles earlier.
在较早承担成人角色的国家，这种成熟发生得更早
taking adult roles→ personality maturation
Industrialized cultures have more possible roles, and longer delays to adopt adult roles. 工业化文化中可能出现的角色更多，承担成人角色的时间也更长
pushed to later, people are staying in difficult personality in longer period
What is the noun bias?
the tendency for children to have a vocabulary more noun relative to verbs and others.
This is because nouns are more noticeable, concrete concept.
North American children tend to learn noun more quickly than verb
In east asian not so
Experiment: 北美大学生去猜测母子之间的对话中听不到的单词时会猜测是noun，但说汉语的学生不会
What are the reasons behind it?
Reason
因为在英语语法中名词在最明显的位置（句子末尾）
she ate cookie
东亚语言允许你 drop the noun when the context is clear
(she cookie ate)
在日语里可以只说love去表达我爱你
Reason 1. Culture difference in noun bias可能只是语言不同
example：
都会说英语和中文的小孩showed more noun bias when speaking english
Reason 2. cross culturality
children learn to communicate object differently
和北美的孩子沟通会说：yellow truck big truck, highlight the object is seprate from the environment and describe the characteristic of the car
和中国孩子沟通会说：here comes daddy truck, daddy truck loves baby truck, here it goes. Highlight relationship of the trucks
Westerners view world and objects as discrete ans separate, while asian view world holistically, as relationship with each others.
更多的系统表明西方孩子被教导注意物体，而东亚孩子被教导关注物体之间的关系
How does socialization work through education?
How structured education shapes out psychological experiences
improve perceptual skills, for 2D patterns, reflect on the ways information is organized
Example:
比起农民受过教育的人更加会taxonomic categorization (clustering items together using an abstract concept)
无法想象物品的共同的，思维不好分析
教育让人们愿意考虑超出亲身经历的信息，然后用逻辑推理
这不代表他们智力差，而是cultural knowledge
Problem：早期的智力测试is full of cultural knowledge
hard to access uneducated people and isolate intelligence from the effect of schooling
Experiment：Tsimane children
有些孩子能去学校有些不能（随机的）
他们参与raven IQ test（lack of culture)
发现没有上学的成年人只有31%答对，但是上学的有70%
Which of the following statements about adolescence is not true?
a. Adolescence is a life stage that is not universally recognized in all cultures.
b. Societies with more traditional roles tend to have less adolescent rebellion.
c. Adolescence is viewed as a violent period of life only in a minority of preindustrial societies.
d. Individualistic cultures tend to have more adolescent rebellion than collectivistic cultures.
e. All of the above are true.
a. Adolescence is a life stage that is not universally recognized in all cultures.
