Chapter 5 Cognitive Development

Question 0

the first stage of Piagets cognitive development lasting from birth-2

Answer 0

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 1

logical processes that allow for flexible thought

Answer 1

Mental Operations

Question 2

the second stage of Piagets cognitive development from ages 2-7

Answer 2

Preoperational Stage

Question 3

third stage of Piagets cognitive development from ages 7-11

Answer 3

Concrete Operational

Question 4

the fourth stage of Piagets cognitive development from ages 12 and on during which people develop abstract thought independent of concrete objects

Answer 4

Formal Operational

Question 5

proceeding from particular to particular in thought, without making generalizations

Answer 5

Transductive Reasoning

Question 6

gathering individual items of information and putting them together to form hypotheses and conclusions

Answer 6

Inductive Reasoning

Question 7

beginning with a hypothesis or premise and breaking it down to see if its true

Answer 7

Deductive Reasoning

Question 8

the act of trying to link ideas

Answer 8

Syncretism

Question 9

the preoperational belief that inanimate objects have humanlike porperties

Answer 9

Animism

Question 10

the tendency of children to focus attention on one detail and their inability to shift attention to other aspects

Answer 10

Centering

Question 11

the ability to divide objects into nested series of categories

Answer 11

Hierarchical Classification

Question 12

understanding that objects can be fit into different levels of hierarchies

Answer 12

Class Inclusion Relationships

Question 13

the ability to solve problems such as “Tom is taller than Fred, and Fred is taller than Marty. Is Tom taller than Marty?”

Answer 13

Transitive Inferences

Question 14

the act of lining things up in order from large to small or small to large

Answer 14

Seriate

Question 15

tests used by Piaget to determine whether children had mastered concrete operations, such as understanding that changing and object’s appearance does not alter its fundamental properties

Answer 15

Conservation Problems

Question 16

a way to solve problems using the scientific method; only one factor at a time is varied while all else is held constant

Answer 16

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

Question 17

insisting upon high standards of behavior

Answer 17

Idealistic

Question 18

discrepancy between what people say and what they do

Answer 18

Hypocrisy

Question 19

the tendency to approach problems at much too complex a level and to fail, not because the tasks are difficult, but because they are too simple

Answer 19

Pseudostupidity

Question 20

the inability to take the perspective of another or to imagine the other persons point of view

Answer 20

Egocentricism

Question 21

adolescent’s belief that other are constantly paying attention to them

Answer 21

Imaginary Audience

Question 22

adolescents belief that they are invulnerable and that their feeling are special and unique

Answer 22

Personal Fable

Question 23

thinking about one’s thoughts and feelings

Answer 23

Introspection

Question 24

an advanced form of reasoning that allows one to create new and better insights by integrating conflicting data

Answer 24

Dialectics

Question 25

an approach to studying cognition that focuses on the perception, attention, retrieval, and manipulation of information

Answer 25

Information-Processing Approach

Question 26

the process by which information is received and transduced by the senses, usually in a fraction of a second

Answer 26

Sensory Storage

Question 27

the process by which information is still in the conscious mind, being rehearsed and focused on (also called primary memory)

Answer 27

Short-Term Storage

Question 28

the process by which information is perceived and processed deeply so it passes into the layers of memory below the conscious level (also called secondary memory)

Answer 28

Long-Term Storage

Question 29

the pace at which the brain perceives and manipulates information

Answer 29

Processing Speed

Question 30

to develop new thoughts from old information

Answer 30

Inference

Question 31

the conscious, deliberate manipulation of information

Answer 31

Thinking

Question 32

a strategy used to disprove

Answer 32

Negation

Question 33

a strategy used to confirm

Answer 33

Affirmation

Question 34

looking for evidence that disproves a hypothesis

Answer 34

Elimination Strategy

Question 35

looking for examples that match a hypothesis

Answer 35

Confirmation Strategy

Question 36

looking at the world in a way that favors one's own opinion

Answer 36

Self-Serving Bias

Question 37

logical, constrained, useful thinking

Answer 37

Reasoning

Question 38

abstract, theoretical guidelines

Answer 38

Principles

Question 39

the ability to think about one's own thought process

Answer 39

Metacognition

Question 40

the ability to monitor and direct one's thoughts

Answer 40

Executive Control

Question 41

rules of thumb, general strategies or principles

Answer 41

Heuristics

Question 42

a theory of decision making that says that adolescents can logically and analytically make choices, but that they often rely upon intuition and short-term benefits instead

Answer 42

Dual Process Theory

Question 43

one's belief about knowledge

Answer 43

Epistemology

Question 44

believing that there are absolutes, universal truths; creates difficulty in distinguishing fact from opinion

Answer 44

Naive Realists

Question 45

believing that there are absolute and universal truths but people are biased; differentiates from fact and opinion

Answer 45

Defensive Realists

Question 46

those who cling rigidly to one belief

Answer 46

Dogmatists

Question 47

those who resist rationality

Answer 47

Skeptics

Question 48

the belief that truth is constructed but that some beliefs are more valid than others

Answer 48

Post-Skeptical Rationalism

Question 49

the largest part of the human brain

Answer 49

Cerebrum

Question 50

the cerebral lobe that is the center for solving problems involving spatial relationships

Answer 50

Parietal Lobe

Question 51

the cerebral lobe that is the center for higher-order thought processes, such as planning and impulse control

Answer 51

Frontal Lobe

Question 52

the cerebral lobe that is the center for producing and understanding language

Answer 52

Temporal Lobe

Question 53

the part of the brain involved with learning, memory, and motivation

Answer 53

Hippocampus

Question 54

the part of the brain that creates primitive emotional responses to the environment

Answer 54

Amygdala

Question 55

an approach to cognitive development that focuses on the measurement of knowledge and thinking ability

Answer 55

Psychometric Approach

Question 56

calculated by dividing the mental age (MA) by the chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100

Answer 56

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 57

tests designed to assess mastery of specific subject matter or skills

Answer 57

Achievement Tests

Question 58

the ability to identify plants and animals

Answer 58

Naturalistic Intelligence