Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context Flashcards
the first psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from birth to one year, during which the child’s chief source of pleasure and satisfaction comes from oral activity
Oral Stage
“storm and stress”; used to describe the volatile adolescent temperament
Sturm Und Drang
the second psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: the second year of life, during which the child seeks pleasure and satisfaction through anal activity and the elimination of waste
Anal Stage
the third psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about the fourth to the sixth year, during which the genital area is the chief source of pleasure and satisfaction
Phallic Stage
the fourth psychosexual stage stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about ages six to twelve, during which sexual interests remain hidden while the child concentrates on school and other activities
Latency Stage
the fifth and last psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: during which sexual urges result in seeking other persons as sexual objects to relieve sexual tension
Genital Stage
the taking on of parental values, beliefs, and behaviors
Identification
the formation of personal identity by the development of the self as a unique person separate from parents and others
Individuation
Freud’s theory that the structure of personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego and that mental health depends on keeping the balance among them
Psychoanalytic Theory
according to Sigmund Freud, those instinctual urges that a person seeks to satisfy according to the pleasure principle
Id
according to Sigmund Freud, the rational mind that seeks to satisfy the id in keeping with reality
Ego
according to Sigmund Freud, that part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions that have been learned to try to attain a goal of perfection
Superego
according to Anna Freud, unrealistic strategies used by the ego to protect itself and to discharge tension
Defense Mechanism
the failure to establish a personal identity
Identity Diffusion
a socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual os free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role
Psychosocial Moratorium
the stage of life, generally extending through one’s twenties, in which one is between adolescence and full adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
the act or process of knowing
Cognition
someone like Piaget, who believes that both brain maturation and environmental experience are needed for cognitive development
Organismic Psychologist
the original patterns of thinking; the mental structures that people use for dealing with what happens in the environment
Schema
including and adjusting to new information that increases understanding
Adaptation
incorporating a feature of the environment into an existing mode or structure of thought
Assimilation
adjusting to new information by creating new structures to replace the old ones
Accomodation
according to Piaget, achieving a balance between schemas and accomodation
Equilibrium
abstract reasoning principles that allow children to think logically
Mental Operations
the level of learning at which a task that is too difficult for a child to complete by himself or herself is manageable with help
Zone of Proximal Development
the assistance provided to help a child master a task; it is gradually withdrawn as the child gains competence
Scaffolding
learning by observing and imitating the behavior of another
Modeling
positive these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will occur again; negative these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will stop
Reinforcement
learning from observing the positive or negative consequences of another person’s behavior
Vicarious Reinforcement
the act of learners rewarding themselves for activities or responses that they consider of good quality
Self-Reinforcement
the skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes that individuals have to acquire at certain points in their lives in order to function effectively as mature persons
Developmental Tasks
includes those persons with whom the adolescent has immediate contact and who influence him or her
Microsystem
the reciprocal relationships among microsystem settings
Mesosystems
that part of an ecological system that includes settings in which the adolescent does not have an active role as a participant but that influence him or her nevertheless
Exosystem
the ideologies, attitudes, mores, customs, and laws of a particular culture that influence the individual
Macrosystem
the influence of a particular culture in determining the personality and behavior of a developing individual
Cultural Determinism
variations in social institutions, economic patterns, habits, mores, rituals, religious beliefs, and ways of life from one culture to another
Cultural Relativism
