Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context Flashcards

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0
Q

the first psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from birth to one year, during which the child’s chief source of pleasure and satisfaction comes from oral activity

A

Oral Stage

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1
Q

“storm and stress”; used to describe the volatile adolescent temperament

A

Sturm Und Drang

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2
Q

the second psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: the second year of life, during which the child seeks pleasure and satisfaction through anal activity and the elimination of waste

A

Anal Stage

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3
Q

the third psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about the fourth to the sixth year, during which the genital area is the chief source of pleasure and satisfaction

A

Phallic Stage

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4
Q

the fourth psychosexual stage stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about ages six to twelve, during which sexual interests remain hidden while the child concentrates on school and other activities

A

Latency Stage

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5
Q

the fifth and last psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: during which sexual urges result in seeking other persons as sexual objects to relieve sexual tension

A

Genital Stage

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6
Q

the taking on of parental values, beliefs, and behaviors

A

Identification

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7
Q

the formation of personal identity by the development of the self as a unique person separate from parents and others

A

Individuation

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8
Q

Freud’s theory that the structure of personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego and that mental health depends on keeping the balance among them

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

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9
Q

according to Sigmund Freud, those instinctual urges that a person seeks to satisfy according to the pleasure principle

A

Id

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10
Q

according to Sigmund Freud, the rational mind that seeks to satisfy the id in keeping with reality

A

Ego

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11
Q

according to Sigmund Freud, that part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions that have been learned to try to attain a goal of perfection

A

Superego

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12
Q

according to Anna Freud, unrealistic strategies used by the ego to protect itself and to discharge tension

A

Defense Mechanism

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13
Q

the failure to establish a personal identity

A

Identity Diffusion

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14
Q

a socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual os free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role

A

Psychosocial Moratorium

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15
Q

the stage of life, generally extending through one’s twenties, in which one is between adolescence and full adulthood

A

Emerging Adulthood

16
Q

the act or process of knowing

A

Cognition

17
Q

someone like Piaget, who believes that both brain maturation and environmental experience are needed for cognitive development

A

Organismic Psychologist

18
Q

the original patterns of thinking; the mental structures that people use for dealing with what happens in the environment

A

Schema

19
Q

including and adjusting to new information that increases understanding

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Adaptation

20
Q

incorporating a feature of the environment into an existing mode or structure of thought

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Assimilation

21
Q

adjusting to new information by creating new structures to replace the old ones

A

Accomodation

22
Q

according to Piaget, achieving a balance between schemas and accomodation

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Equilibrium

23
Q

abstract reasoning principles that allow children to think logically

A

Mental Operations

24
Q

the level of learning at which a task that is too difficult for a child to complete by himself or herself is manageable with help

A

Zone of Proximal Development

25
Q

the assistance provided to help a child master a task; it is gradually withdrawn as the child gains competence

A

Scaffolding

26
Q

learning by observing and imitating the behavior of another

A

Modeling

27
Q

positive these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will occur again; negative these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will stop

A

Reinforcement

28
Q

learning from observing the positive or negative consequences of another person’s behavior

A

Vicarious Reinforcement

29
Q

the act of learners rewarding themselves for activities or responses that they consider of good quality

A

Self-Reinforcement

30
Q

the skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes that individuals have to acquire at certain points in their lives in order to function effectively as mature persons

A

Developmental Tasks

31
Q

includes those persons with whom the adolescent has immediate contact and who influence him or her

A

Microsystem

32
Q

the reciprocal relationships among microsystem settings

A

Mesosystems

33
Q

that part of an ecological system that includes settings in which the adolescent does not have an active role as a participant but that influence him or her nevertheless

A

Exosystem

34
Q

the ideologies, attitudes, mores, customs, and laws of a particular culture that influence the individual

A

Macrosystem

35
Q

the influence of a particular culture in determining the personality and behavior of a developing individual

A

Cultural Determinism

36
Q

variations in social institutions, economic patterns, habits, mores, rituals, religious beliefs, and ways of life from one culture to another

A

Cultural Relativism