Chapter 5 - Behavioral Theories of Learning

Question 0

Social Learning Theories

Answer 0

Learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action.

Question 1

Behavioral Learning Theories

Answer 1

Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.

Question 2

Cognitive Learning Theories

Answer 2

Explanations of learning that focus on mental processes.

Question 3

Learning

Answer 3

A change in an individual that results from experience.

Question 4

Stimuli

Answer 4

Environmental conditions that activate the senses; the singular is stimulus.

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response.

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

A behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus

Question 7

Neutral Stimuli

Answer 7

Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 8

A previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Classical Conditioning

Answer 9

The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

The use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior

Question 11

Skinner Box

Answer 11

An apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments of operant conditioning

Question 12

Consequences

Answer 12

Pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviors and affect the frequency of future behaviors

Question 13

Reinforcer

Answer 13

A pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior

Question 14

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 14

Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need

Question 15

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 15

A consequence that people learn to value through its association with a primary reinforcer

Question 16

Positive Reinforcer

Answer 16

Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior

Question 17

Negative Reinforcer

Answer 17

Release from an unpleasant situation, given to strengthen behavior

Question 18

Premack Principle

Answer 18

Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities

Question 19

Intrinsic Reinforcers

Answer 19

Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward

Question 20

Extrinsic Reinforcers

Answer 20

Praise or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not do otherwise

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

Unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior

Question 22

Aversive Stimulus

Answer 22

An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape

Question 23

Presentation Punishment

Answer 23

An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again

Question 24

Removal Punishment

Answer 24

Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that may be reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur.

Question 25

Response Cost

Answer 25

Procedure of charging misbehaving students against their free time or other privileges

Question 26

Time Out

Answer 26

Procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

The teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps towards the desired goal

Question 28

Extinction

Answer 28

The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn

Question 29

Extinction Burst

Answer 29

The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction

Question 30

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 30

The frequency and predictability of reinforcement

Question 31

Fixed-Ration (FR) schedule

Answer 31

Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors

Question 32

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

Answer 32

Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable number of behaviors

Question 33

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

Answer 33

Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time.

Question 34

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

Answer 34

Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable amount of time

Question 35

Maintenance

Answer 35

Continuation of behavior

Question 36

Antecedent Stimuli

Answer 36

Events that precede the behaviors

Question 37

Cues

Answer 37

Signals as to which behaviors will be reinforced or punished

Question 38

Discrimination

Answer 38

Perception of and response to differences in stimuli

Question 39

Generalization

Answer 39

Carryover of behaviors, skills, or concepts from one setting or task to another

Question 40

Modeling

Answer 40

Imitation of others’ behavior

Question 41

Observational Learning

Answer 41

Learning by observation and imitation of others

Question 42

Vicarious Learning

Answer 42

Learning based on observation of the consequences of others’ behavior

Question 43

Self-Regulation

Answer 43

Rewarding or punishing one’s own behavior

Question 44

Cognitive Behavior Modification

Answer 44

Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive principles for changing one’s own behavior by means of self-talk and self-instruction.