Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Educational Psychology > Chapter 2 - Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cognitive, Language, and Literacy Development Flashcards

0
Q

Continuous Theories of Development

A

Theories based on the belief that human development progresses smoothly and gradually from infancy to adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Development

A

Orderly and lasting growth, adaptation, and change over the course of a lifetime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discontinuous Theories of Development

A

Theories describing human development as occurring through a fixed sequence of distinct, predictable stages governed by inborn factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schemes

A

Mental patterns that guide behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adaptation

A

The process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment by means of assimilation and accomodation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Assimilation

A

Understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Accomodation

A

Modifying existing schemes to fit new situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Equilibration

A

The process of restoring balance between present understanding and new experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Constructivism

A

View of cognitive development that emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding of reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Stage during which infants learn about their surroundings byusing their senses and motor skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reflexes

A

Inborn automatic responses to stimuli (e.g., eye blinking in response to bright light).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Object Permanence

A

Understanding that an object exists even if it is out of sight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

Stage at which children learn to represent things in the mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conservation

A

The concept that certain properties of an object (such as weight) remain the same regardless of changes in other properties (such as length).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Centration

A

Paying attention to only one aspect of an object or situation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reversibility

A

The ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse one’s thinking to return to the starting point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Egocentric

A

Believing that everyone views the world as you do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Stage at which children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and understanding of conservation but can use these skills only in dealing with familiar situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inferred Reality

A

The meaning of stimuli in the context of relevant information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Seriation

A

Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transitivity

A

A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development in which individuals can mentally arrange and compare objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Stage at which one can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and reason logically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Developmentally Appropriate Education

A

Instruction felt to be adapted to the current developmental status of children (rather than to their age alone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Sign Systems
Symbols that cultures create to help people think, communicate, and solve problems.
25
Self-regulation
The ability to think and solve problems without the help of others.
26
Private Speech
Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action; eventually internalized as silent inner speech.
27
Zone of Proximal Development
Level of development immediately above a person's present level.
28
Scaffolding
Support for learning and problem solving; might include clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner.
29
Emergent Literacy
Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school.
30
Three General Principles of Development
1. People develop at different rates 2. Development is relatively orderly. 3. Development takes place gradually.
31
Maturation
Biological changes that are genetically programmed at conception - least modifiable.
32
Activity
The ability to act on the physical environment and learn from it
33
Social Transmission
Learning from others.
34
Accomplishments of the Sensorimotor Stage
Object permanency | Logical, goal-directed actions
35
Accomplishments of the Pre-operational Stage
Cognitive mapping Language Reversible thinking
36
Cognitive Mapping
Thinking about how you are going to get somewhere before you go.
37
Decentering
Learned in the pre-operational stage, but not mastered until very end, or perhaps in the concrete operational stage - the ability to focus on more than one aspect at a time of something.
38
Collective Monologue
Characteristic of the pre-operational stage; children in a group talk but do not actually interact or communicate.
39
Concrete Operations
Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations - hands-on thinking.
40
Accomplishments of the Concrete Operational Stage
``` Identity Compensation Reversibility Classification Seriation ```
41
Identity
Principle that a person or object remains the same; accomplishment of the concrete operational stage.
42
Compensation
Principle that changes in one direction can be offset by changes in another; accomplishment of the concrete operational stage.
43
Reversibility
Mastery of two-way thinking; accomplishment of the concrete operational stage.
44
Classification
Related to reversibility - grouping objects into categories, and recognizing that one class fits into another.
45
Accomplishments of the Formal Operational Stage
Abstract Thinking Coordination of many variables Hypothesizing Scientific Reasoning
46
Adolescent Egocentrism
Assumption that everyone else shares one's thoughts, feelings, and concerns.
47
Disequilibrium
A mismatch between what the student thinks should happen and what actually happens. Students may then rethink their understanding and develop new knowledge.
48
Cooperative Learning
Putting high, middle, and low ability students together to enable them to learn from each other.
49
Information Processing
The study of how humans perceive, comprehend, and remember the information they gain from the world around them.
50
Four Aspects of Attention
Controlling Attention Fitting Attention to Task - focusing on the dimensions of a problem that will lead to the solution Planning Monitoring
51
Metacognitive Ability
Ability to think about one's own thinking, and then monitor and direct it.
52
Metacognition
Knowledge about our own thinking processes.
53
Three Aspects of Language
Pronunciation Grammar Meaning
54
Pronunciation
Involves distinct sounds of a language
55
Phonemes
Distinct sounds of a language - English has 40 separate phonemes.
56
Grammar
Includes morphemes and syntax
57
Morphemes
Smallest units in language that have meaning
58
Syntax
The order of words in phrases or sentences
59
Meaning
The combined effects of semantics and pragmatics
60
Semantics
The meaning of words and combinations of words; affected by the context (learned through prior experience).
61
Pragmatics
The area of language that involves the effects of contexts on meaning and the unwritten rules for when, how, to whom, and about what we speak in different contexts (situational).
62
Characteristics of the "First Words Stage" of Learning Language
Holophrase | Overextension
63
Holophrase
Single words that express complex ideas (ex. saying "light" to say "it's too dark and I need more light")
64
Overextension
Using one word to cover a range of concepts (ex. all animals are dogs)
65
Characteristic of "First Sentences" Stage of Language Learning
Telegraphic speech
66
Telegraphic Speech
Child's speech using only essential words, as in a telegram
67
Over-regularization (as applies to grammar)
Applying a learned rule to all situations, including inappropriate ones (mixing grammar rules).
68
Dialect
A variation of a language spoken by a particular ethnic, social, or regional group. Differences in dialect are not errors.
69
Verbal Skill
In the early elementary grades, one of the most important of all developmental tasks. School success is equated with reading success.
70
Analytical Skills
Considered second most important task in elementary grades. It's problem solving and includes math and other abilities such as map and table interpretation.
71
Emergent Literacy
Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school.
72
Whole Language
Emphasizes the integration of reading, writing, and language and communication skills across the curriculum in the context of authentic of real-life materials, problems, and tasks.
73
Bilingualism
Being able to speak two languages fluently.

Educational Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions