Chapter 4 - Student Diversity

Question 0

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 0

A measure of prestige within a social group that is most often measured by income and education, because they’re most quantifiable. However, SES encompasses a person’s income, education, occupation, and prestige in society.

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

The language, attitudes, ways of behaving, and other aspects of life that characterize a group of people

Question 2

Ethnic Group

Answer 2

A group within a larger society that sees itself as having a common history, social and cultural heritage, and traditions, often based on race, religion, language, or national identity.

Question 3

Ethnicity

Answer 3

A history, culture, and sense of identity shared by a group of people

Question 4

Race

Answer 4

Visible genetic characteristics of individuals that cause them to be seen as members of the same broad group (e.g., African, Asian, Caucasian).

Question 5

Underrepresented Group

Answer 5

An ethnic or social group, members of which are less likely than other groups to experience economic security or power

Question 6

Language Minority

Answer 6

In the United States, native speakers of any language other than English.

Question 7

Limited English Proficient (LEP)

Answer 7

Possessing limited mastery of English

Question 8

English learners

Answer 8

Students in U.S. schools who are not native speakers of English.

Question 9

Bilingual Education

Answer 9

Instructional program for students who speak little or no English in which some instruction is provided in the native language.

Question 10

Multicultural Education

Answer 10

Education that teaches the value of cultural diversity.

Question 11

Content Integration

Answer 11

Teachers’ use of examples, data, and other information from a variety of cultures.

Question 12

Knowledge Construction

Answer 12

Helping students understand how the knowledge we take in is influenced by our origins and points of view.

Question 13

Prejudice Reduction

Answer 13

A critical goal of multicultural education; involves development of positive relationships and tolerant attitudes among students of different backgrounds.

Question 14

Equity Pedagogy

Answer 14

Teaching techniques that facilitate the academic success of students from different ethnic and social class groups.

Question 15

Empowering School Culture

Answer 15

A school culture in which the institution’s organization and practices are conducive to the academic and emotional growth of all students.

Question 16

Sex-Role Behavior

Answer 16

Socially approved behavior associated with one gender as opposed to the other.

Question 17

Gender Bias

Answer 17

Stereotypical views and differential treatment of males and females, often favoring one gender over the other.

Question 18

Intelligence

Answer 18

General aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and to solve problems.

Question 19

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 19

An intelligence test score that for people of average intelligence should be near 100.

Question 20

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 20

In Gardner’s theory of intelligence, a person’s nine separate abilities: logical/mathematical, linguistic, musical, naturalist, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential.

Question 21

Aptitude-treatment Interaction

Answer 21

Interaction of individual differences in learning with particular teaching methods.

Question 22

Name four ways the school expects the child to act that do not always line up with the culture or expectations of the student.

Answer 22

Speak standard English
To be highly verbal
To work independently
To compete with other students for grades and recognitions

Question 23

What values does the culture of the school reflect?

Answer 23

The culture of school reflects mainstream middle-class values. This can disadvantage students from different cultures!

Question 24

Chapter I Schools

Answer 24

Chapter I school have a majority low SES students.

Question 25

How should one treat students at a Chapter I school?

Answer 25

One should treat the students with normality, expecting everyone to work hard, attend, and do the same thing regardless of SES.

Question 26

Urban Underclass

Answer 26

An impoverished subgroup of the lower-working class that has experienced particularly severe difficulties in terms of unemployment, crime, and social disorganization (dysfunctional families).

Question 27

Middle-Class

Answer 27

Refers to families whose wage earnings are in occupations requiring significant education - a four year bachelor’s degree or higher. Teachers fall in here.

Question 28

Working-Class

Answer 28

Families who have relatively stable occupations not requiring higher education. (Votech)

Question 29

Lower-Class

Answer 29

Families in the urban or rural underclass who are often unemployed and might be living on government assistance.

Question 30

What sorts of things do we expect children entering kindergarten to know (but that many students from low-income families may not)?

Answer 30

Alphabet
Colors
Numbers 1-10
How to follow directions
How to share politely

Question 31

What level of SES students continue to make progress over the summer? Which level tends to forget what they learned and fall behind?

Answer 31

High SES students tend to make progress over the summer, while low SES students tend to receive less academic stimulation over the summer and will often forget what they learned.

Question 32

Name two values of the middle-class.

Answer 32

Individuality

Future Time Orientation

Question 33

Name one value of the lower-class.

Answer 33

Cooperation

Question 34

At-Risk Children

Answer 34

Children from low-income families, typically. They are placed at-risk for school failure by the characteristics of the community they live in and the schools they attend.

Question 35

Name six problems often faced in impoverished neighborhoods.

Answer 35

Crime
Lack of a positive role model
Inadequate social and health services
Poor motivation
Poor achievement
Mental health

Question 36

Name two types of intensive intervention programs that can help children from low-income families.

Answer 36

Reading Recovery

Success for All

Question 37

Name two races that have been accepted into mainstream US society.

Answer 37

Caucasians

Asians

Question 38

Name three racial groups that have yet to be fully accepted into mainstream US society.

Answer 38

African Americans
Latinos
Native Americans

Question 39

What is resistant culture?

Answer 39

Resistant culture is when someone from a less accepted racial group starts overcoming racial barriers and achieving, but then other members of the minority make fun of them and insult them for doing well academically (you’re acting “white”) because doing well academically means they want to do well and leave the ‘hood’.

Question 40

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy about students from minority groups?

Answer 40

Students from minority groups are often placed into low ability groups through tracking, or placed disproportionately in special education classes.

Question 41

What case ruled separate but equal schooling unconstitutional?

Answer 41

The 1954 Brown vs. the Board of Education Topeka court case ruled separate but equal unconstitutional.

Question 42

Why didn’t school desegregation increase the academic achievement of low income students from minority students?

Answer 42

The middle-class, achievement oriented peers that these minority students were supposed to interact with (which would help them) moved rather than be part of desegregation.

Question 43

Language Minority

Answer 43

In the US, native speakers of any language other than English (but if one is completely bilingual, he or she doesn’t fall under this).

Question 44

ESL

Answer 44

English as a second language - a subject in school for students who are not native speakers of English.

Question 45

ELL

Answer 45

English Language Learner

Question 46

What is the melting pot philosophy, and why does this conflict with parents from minority groups?

Answer 46

The melting pot philosophy is the idea of assimilating minority groups into mainstream America so that cultural differences will disappear, but parents often want to maintain their group identity and pride.

Question 47

Two-way Bilingual Program

Answer 47

A form of bilingual education in which students from different language backgrounds learn one another’s language (dual immersion).

Question 48

What is the number one problem facing bilingual education programs?

Answer 48

The number one problem facing bilingual education programs is the lack of teachers who are bilingual.

Question 49

Name the five dimensions of multicultural education.

Answer 49

Content Integration
Knowledge Construction
Prejudice Reduction
Equity Pedagogy
Empowering School Culture

Question 50

Content Integration

Answer 50

Teachers’ use of examples, data, and information from a variety of cultures (teaching about different cultures and contributions made by individuals).

Question 51

Knowledge Construction

Answer 51

Knowledge construction is when teachers help students understand how knowledge is created and how it is influenced by the racial, ethnic, and social class positions of individuals and groups - seeing history from the perspective of another culture.

Question 52

What accounts for the differences in behaviors between genders?

Answer 52

Socialization experiences account for the differences in behavior between males and females, because gender roles are a learned behavior.

Question 53

What do males typically score higher on?

Answer 53

Males typically score higher on tests of general knowledge, mechanical reasoning, and mental rotation.

Question 54

What do females typically score higher on tests of?

Answer 54

Females typically score higher on language measures - reading and writing assessment - and on attention and planning tasks.

Question 55

What tests are there typically no difference on between males and females?

Answer 55

Males and females typically perform the same on tests of general verbal ability, arithmetic skills, abstract reasoning, special visualization, and memory span.

Question 56

Alfred Binet

Answer 56

Devised the first measure of intelligence in 1904.

Question 57

What is the standard deviation on most intelligence tests?

Answer 57

The standard deviation on most intelligence tests is 15 or 16.

Question 58

What is Spearman’s G?

Answer 58

Spearman’s G stands for general intelligence, which cuts across al learning situations and is combined with the skills a person has towards the tasks.

Question 59

What shapes or determines intelligence?

Answer 59

A combination of heredity and environment shapes intelligence - children of high achieving parents tend to be provided a more enriching environment and activities.

Question 60

Name two misuses of intelligence tests.

Answer 60

Two misuses of intelligence tests are using them to assign students to special education classes, or to assign students to track or ability groups.

Question 61

Learning Styles

Answer 61

Cognitive orientations for approaching learning tasks and processing information.

Question 62

Field Dependent Learning Style

Answer 62

Learning style in which patterns are perceived as a whole. These people tend to have difficulty separating out specific aspects of a situation or pattern, but tend to be oriented towards people and social relationships and are better at recalling such social information. They tend to work best in groups and prefer subjects like history and literature.

Question 63

Field Independent Learning Style

Answer 63

A cognitive style in which separate parts of a pattern are perceived and analyzed. These people tend to be more able to see the parts that make up a larger pattern. They are more likely to do well with numbers, science, and problem solving tasks.