chapter 5- axial skeleton

Question 1

what are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. axial skeleton

2. appendicular skeleton

Question 2

this division of the skeletal system includes the pelvic and pectoral girdles and upper and lower limbs

Answer 2

appendicular skeleton

Question 3

this division of the skeletal system includes the skull, vertebral column and ribs and sternum

Answer 3

axial skeleton

Question 4

how many cranial bones are there?

how many facial bones are there?

Answer 4

8= cranial
14= facial
= 22 total bones

Question 5

this bone of the skull contains the forehead and upper part of the eye socket

Answer 5

frontal

Question 6

this bone of the skull protects the pituitary gland and optic nerves pass thru

Answer 6

sphenoid

Question 7

this bone of the skull protects the cribiform and nasal septum

Answer 7

ethmoid

Question 8

these 2 bones of the skull protect the tympanic and mastoid regions

Answer 8

temporal bones

Question 9

this bone of the skull protects the foramen magnum and occipital condyles
- where the spinal cord passes through

Answer 9

occipital

Question 10

these 2 bones of the skull protect the 4 sutures and are the largest

Answer 10

parietal bones

Question 11

this is the soft spot present at birth (6 of them)

how long does it take for these to close?

Answer 11

anterior fontanelle

• 15 months to close

Question 12

these 2 bones of the face contains the bridge of the nose

Answer 12

nasal bones

Question 13

these 2 facial bones contain the cheekbone

Answer 13

zygomatic bones

Question 14

these 2 facial bones contain the upper jaw, and is connected to all other bones in the face

Answer 14

maxilla bones

Question 15

this facial bone is the only moveable skull bone

Answer 15

mandible

Question 16

why is the palate important in mammals?

Answer 16

most vertebrates = nasal passage opens to oral cavity (cannot chew and breathe same time)
mammals = palate seperates the nasal and oral cavities making it possible to chew and breathe same time

Question 17

these 2 skull bones are the smallest facial bones, where the tear ducts pass thru and the medial part of orbit

Answer 17

lacrimal bones

Question 18

these 2 skull bones consist of the nasal cavity and surface is lined by olfactory epithelia

Answer 18

nasal conchae

Question 19

this bone does articulate with any other bone in the face and is positioned by ligaments
- functions in supporting tongue and involved with swallowing

Answer 19

hyoid apparatus

Question 20

this bone provides a flexible rod that aids in movement and protects the spinal cord
-consists of vertebrae

Answer 20

vertebral column

Question 21

what are the regions of the vertebral column from head to toe?

Answer 21

cervical (c1-c7)
thoracic (t1-t12)
lumbar (l1-l5)
sacrum (s1-s5)
coccyx (co1-co4)

Question 22

what are the 4 different curves of the vertebral column?

Answer 22

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

Question 23

this abnormal curvature of the vertebral column is an excessive anterior curvature (hunchback)

Answer 23

kyphosis

“hunchback”

Question 24

this abnormal curvature of the vertebral column is an excessive posterior curvature

Answer 24

lordosis

“swayback”

Question 25

this abnormal curvature of the vertebral column is lateral curves

Answer 25

scoliosis

Question 26

this structure is where the spinal cord and associated components pass through

Answer 26

vertebral foramen

Question 27

this structure is formed by pedicles and laminae, enclose posterior region of vertebral foramen

Answer 27

vertebral arch

Question 28

this structure contains facets through which adjacent vertebrae articulate

Answer 28

articulor process

Question 29

this structure contains lateral projections off the vertebral arches, attachment site for skeletal muscles

Answer 29

transverse processes

Question 30

this structure projects backwards from each vertebra; also serve as attachment sites for skeletal muscles

Answer 30

spinous processes

Question 31

what are the first 2 specialized cervical vertebrae?

Answer 31

atlas = supports the head - lacks body and spinous processes
axis = with odontoid process

Question 32

what are 2 characteristics of thoracic vertebrae and what structure do they articulate with?

Answer 32

• larger and stronger then cervical vertebrae
• longer transverse processes

-articulate with the ribs

Question 33

this vertebrae is the largest and strongest with short, thick processes

Answer 33

lumbar vertebrae

Question 34

how many vertebrae form the sacrum?

how many form the coccyx?

Answer 34

sacrum = 5
coccyx = 4

Question 35

these structures sit between adjacent bodies and function to cushion/absorb physical shock, facilitate motion and resist grinding between bones

Answer 35

intervertebral discs

Question 36

excessive stress on intervertebral discs can cause them to bulge laterally, called
this causes pain becasue

Answer 36

herniated disc

- nucleus is pressing against the nerve

Question 37

what is the sternum?

Answer 37

region where ribs connect

Question 38

this structure of the sternum articulates with pectoral girdle and first ribs

Answer 38

manubrium

Question 39

this structure of the sternum articulates with the 2nd and 7th ribs

Answer 39

body

Question 40

this structure of the sternum is the site of attachment of some abdominal muscles

Answer 40

xiphoid process

Question 41

how many pairs of ribs are there? what do they articulate with?

Answer 41

12 pairs that articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae

Question 42

how do ribs 1-7 connect to sternum?

Answer 42

directly thru intercostal cartilage

- true ribs

Question 43

how do ribs 8-12 attach to the sternum?

Answer 43

indirectly or not at all

- false ribs

Question 44

how do ribs 11-12 attach to the sternum?

Answer 44

the dont attach to sternum

-floating ribs