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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3- integumentary system > Flashcards

Chapter 3- integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skin?

A
  1. Thermoregulation = sweating and blood flow regulation
  2. Protection = keratin, sebum, melanin, sweat
  3. Sensation = tactile and thermal
  4. Excretion/absorption = some water loss, lipid soluble substances
  5. Vitamin D synthesis = requires UV simulation
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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

consists of a group of tissues working together to perform certain functions

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3
Q

What is the epidermis?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelia (4-5 layers -strata- of distinct cell types)
  • surface consists dead skin cells packed with keratin
  • lacks blood vessels
  • sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
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4
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes- main cell type found here
    -produce keratin
    -provide structure to skin, hair, nails
    -water-proof (protect)
    -keratinized tissue=dry
    nonkeratinized = wet
  2. Melanocytes- produce pigments eumelanin / phenomenon, giving skin and hair its colour
    -protects from harmful UV rays
    -constant cell division
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5
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

small amount of these

  • sense of touch
  • associated with underlying nerve fibers
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6
Q

what are langerhans cells? (dendritic cells)

A
  • macrophages
  • originate in bone marrow
  • protect against pathogens and toxins
  • allert immune system
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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? Bottom (from basement membrane) to top:

A
  1. Stratum Basale = stratum germinativum
    - single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells
    - sitting on top of basement membrane
    - continuous production of keratinocytes
  2. Stratum Spinosum = against stratum basale
    - many (~10) layers of keratinocytes
    - upper layer of cells become flattened and lose capacity to divide
    - produce lots of keratin
    - langerhans found here
    - thickest layer
  3. Stratum Granulosum = middle layer
    - 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis (cell death)
    - no nutrients from blood vessels therefore die
    - secrete substance that acts as waterproofing agent
  4. Stratum Lucidum = found only on thick skin
    - consists of few rows of flattened keratinocytes
  5. Stratum Corneum = outermost layer
    - many layers of dead keratinocytes (cells completely filled with keratin)
    - protect against abraison and penetration
    - make skin waterproof

**Study diagram

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8
Q

The stratum corneum becomes prominent in what skin type and why?

A
  • thick skin (fingertips, feet soles, etc)

- lots of abrasion is expected

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of a keratinocyte?

A
  • 40 days
  • mitosis of stem cells
  • new cells form –> older ones pushed to surface
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10
Q

How does dander differ from dandruff?

A 
dander = dead keratinocytes that fall off
dandruff = clumps of cells held together by sebum
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11
Q

What is psoriasis?

A
  • skin disorder of epidermis
  • disruption in life cycle of keratinocytes (cells divide more quickly)
  • sheds in 7-10 days
  • treatment decreases rate of cell division
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12
Q

What 3 pigments give skin its colour?

A
  1. Hemoglobin = blood pigment (light complexions to look pink or blue)
  2. Melanin = pigment produced by melanocytes (increased in people exposed to more UV)
  3. Carotene = yellow-orange pigment from food that builds up in the skin
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13
Q

How is colour produced in the skin?

A
  • melanocyte can be stimulated to produce more melanin = when has UV
  • melanin in melanocytes disperses between keratinocytes
  • protects nuclei from further UV exposure
  • skin lightens (tan leaves) as these keratinocytes are sloughed off at skin surface
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14
Q

What is cyanosis?

A
  • blueness of skin resulting from lack of oxygen

- often in newborns, lips and fingernails

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15
Q

What is erythema?

A
  • abnormal redness of skin
  • increased blood flow to the skin
  • anger, exercise, embarassment
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16
Q

What is erythema migrans?

A

lyme disease

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17
Q

What is erythema toxicum?

A

common generalized rash of newborns

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18
Q

What is pallor?

A

little blood flow that white colour of dermal collagen shows through

  • raynauds syndrome
  • episodic vasoconstriction of small digital arteries with exposure to cold
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19
Q

What is jaundice?

A

yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes

  • due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood
  • generally comes with liver problems too
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20
Q

What is hemotoma?

A

mass of clotted bloo showing thru the skin

- bruising (blood clotting) is subject to gravity

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21
Q

What is the dermis?

A
  • layer of connective tissue
  • middle layer of the skin
  • supplied with blood vessels, glands, and nerve endings
  • hair follicles and nail roots found here
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22
Q

What is the papillary region and where is it found?

A
  • interacts with epidermis thru dermal papillae and epidermal ridges
    -contains circulatory vessels and nerves that supply the epidermis
    Location = boundary between the dermis and epidermis
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23
Q

What is the reticular region and where is it found?

A
  • toughest layer of the skin containing thick collagen bundles producing cleavage lines, contains blood vessels and nerves and other accessory structures
    Location = most of the dermis
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24
Q

What makes up cleavage lines?

A

think bundles of collagen in dermis

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25
Q

What produces stretch marks?

A

stretching of skin from obesity/pregnancy can tear elastic fibres

26
Q

What 2 structures from friction ridges?

A

result from epidermal ridges/dermal papillae

- fingerprints

27
Q

Doctors want to cut with or against cleavage lines?

A

incisions ALONG these lines heal quicker then those that go AGAINST these cleavages

28
Q

What is the hypodermis and where is it found?

Main functions?

A
  • innermost layer of skin
  • subcutaneous layer
  • deep to the integument
    -areolar and adipose CT
    Function- protect underlying structures, stores energy, and thermal insulation
29
Q

What is hair and where does it grow?

A
  • slender filaments of keratinized cells
  • grow from follicles in dermis or hypodermis
  • almost everywhere except (lips, nipples, part of genitals, palms, parts of fingers and toes)
30
Q

Part of hair that consists of connective tissues, nerves and blood vessels below the follicle that supports the keratinocytes

A

Hair papilla

  • hair matrix within papilla responsible for producing new hair
31
Q

a swelling at bottom of follicle filled with dividing keratinocytes

A

hair bulb

32
Q

involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair shaft

A

arrector pili

33
Q

In a cross section of hair - this contains cells with soft keratin- formed by cells closest to the hair matrix

A

medulla

34
Q

in a cross section of a hair- this contains cells with hard keratin- formed by cells near the edge of the hair matrix

A

cortex

-also contains pigments for hair colour

35
Q

in a cross section of a hair- this contains cells that contain hard keratin, formed by cells at the edge of the hair matrix

A

cuticle

36
Q

What type of hair is fine, downy, unpigmented and usually disappears at birth?

A

lanugo

37
Q

This type of hair replaces hair after birth and is finer and unpigmented

A

vellus

38
Q

What structure assists in our “hair standing up” in response to cold or frightened

A

arrector pili muscles

39
Q

What is a sebaceous gland and where is it located?

A
  • an oil gland that secretes sebum (antibacterial properties)
    Location - nearly always connected to hairs
40
Q

this type of gland secretes sweat and are simple, coiled tubular glands

A

sudoriferous

41
Q

What 2 components make up sudoriferous glands?

Which one smells and which one doesn’t?

A
  1. Apocrine - pubic and axilla - part of cell secreted into hair follicle (can smell)
  2. Merocrine - more common, all over body and none of cell is secreted (no smell)
42
Q

These modified sweat glands trap dust, small particles and have antibacterial properties, often located in the ear

A

ceruminous glands

43
Q

What is cerumen?

A

earwax

44
Q

This gland is a modified apocrine sweat gland that produce a rich secretion

A

mammary glands

nipples

45
Q

this is the hard keratin proteins that make nail

A

nail plate

46
Q

this is a fold of skin that protects nail matrix

A

cuticle

47
Q

this lies beneath the nail plate and capillaries here give nails pink colour

A

nail bed

48
Q

this structure produces the nail plate and small fold of epidermis (visible as lunula) - contains nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics

A

nail matrix

49
Q

What gives the appearance of wrinkles when aging?

A
  • elasticity and collagen in dermis decerases

- epidermis gets thinner and harder to repair

50
Q

this is a common fungal infection of the skin that is common in children

A

ring worm

51
Q

this is a fungus that causes itching, redness, and cracking, thrives in warm moist environment

A

athletes foot

52
Q

this is a local growth in the skin that is caused by HPV infection, usually disappearing with time

A

warts

53
Q

this is a disease of the hair follicles of the face and chest (sebaceous glands are elevated by hormone levels)

A

acne

54
Q

this is a general term for many types of skin inflammation (dermatitis)
when the barrier of the skin doesn’t function properly

A

eczema

55
Q

what layer of the skin is affected by a first degree burn?

A

involves only epidermis

56
Q

what layer/layers of the skin affected by second degree burns?

A

epidermis and part of dermis

57
Q

what layer/layers of the skin affected by third degree burns?

A

epidermis, dermis, and some underlying tissues

58
Q

What is skin cancer?

A

uncontrolled growth of certain cells in the integument

  • usually isolated to upper regions of skin so detected early
  • overwhelms melanocytes
59
Q

this type of skin cancer occurs from sun-exposed regions and rarely spreads to other regions (rarely fatal)

A

basal cell carcinoma

60
Q

this type of skin cancer is fairly common and can spread more easily, found on lips or the ears

A

squamous cell cercinoma

61
Q

this type of skin cancer is the least frequent and spreads the easiest, also the most serious (asymmetrical, irregular and border)

A

malignant melanoma

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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