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Human Anatomy > chapter 2 Histiology > Flashcards

chapter 2 Histiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic parts that all cells have in common?

A
  1. Plasma membrane - outer boundary (regulation)
  2. Cytoplasm - fluid (cytosol) and organelles
  3. Nucleus - control of activities
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2
Q

There are approx. ____ many cells in the human body that are organized into _________

A

75 trillion cells

tissues

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of tissues

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5
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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6
Q

What is epithelial tissues and where are they found?

A
  • provides secretory and absorptive surface
  • lines every body surface and cavities
  • organs lined inside and outside
  • no extracellular matrix
  • avascular
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7
Q

Most glands derive from?

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. physical protection-(dehydration and abrasion)
  2. selective permeability- (regulates passage of substances)
  3. secretion- (sweat or oil)
  4. Sensation - (nerve endings detect various sensations)
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9
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics all epithelial tissues possess?

A
  1. Tightly packed- barrier and absorptive/secretive functions
  2. Organized assembly- apical, basal and lateral surfaces that differ in function
  3. Polarity- selective movement of molecules
  4. Highly regenerative0 need to regenerate after damage
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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral surface of epithelial cell?

A

contains junctions to communicate with other cells

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11
Q

what is the function of the apical surface of epithelial cells?

A

faces body surface, body cavity, lumen of internal organ or duct

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12
Q

What is the function of the basal surface of epithelial cells?

A

adheres to basal membrane

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13
Q

What 2 components make up the basement membrane?

A
  1. Basal lamina (formed by epithelial cells)

2. reticular lamina (formed by cells in connective tissues)

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14
Q

What are the 3 function of the basement membrane?

A
  1. support epithelial cells
  2. surface for cell movement
  3. restrict passage of substances
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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelia?

A
  1. Covering epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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16
Q

What are covering epithelium?

A

cells in layers that cover external surface or line body cavities

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17
Q

What are glandular epithelium?

A

cells specialized to produce secretion

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18
Q

What are simple epithelium?

A

single layer of cells with all cells attached to the basement membrane

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19
Q

What are stratified epithelium?

A

2 or more layers of cells

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20
Q

What are pseudostratified epithelium?

A

single layer but not all cells reach the apical surface

- nuclei give appearance of multilayered (but not)

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21
Q

What are simple squamous epithelium and where are these located?

A

-single layer of flat, disc like cells with flat nuclei
Function = surface for filtration and diffusion
Location = air sac of lung (alveoli), glomeruli, blood vessels and capillary lumens, and body cavity linings

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22
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of cube-like cells with large round nuclei
Function= secretion and absorption
Location = ducts and glands (ovaries, kidneys) thyroid

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23
Q

What are simple columnar epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of tall, rectangular cells with elongated nuclei
-microvilli/cilia common on apical surface
Function = absorption and secretion
Location = digestive and respiratory tract linings

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24
Q

What are pseduostratified columnar epithelium and where are they located?

A

-single layer of columnar cells different heights, nuclei also appearing at different heights
Function = secretion and propulsion (can be ciliated)
Location = male sperm duct, respiratory tract and large glands

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25
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelia and where are they located?

A

-multiple layers of squamous cells on a basement membrane
-basal cells are cube/columnar shaped and mitotically active
Function = protection against abrasion and damage for tissue underneath
Location = surface of the skin, linings of esophagus, vagina and mouth

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26
Q

What are stratified cubodial/columnar epithelia and where are they located?

A

-2 or more layers of these cells
-least common
Function = secretion
Location = male sperm duct, sweat/mammary glands, pharynx, and male urethra

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27
Q

What are transitional epithelia and where are they located?

A

-appears to be stratified squamous or cuboidal
- surface cells are rounded/squamous
Function = stretching
Location = lining urinary tracts (ureter, bladder, urethra)

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28
Q

What are glands and what are the 3 substances they secrete?

A
  • consist of one or more cells that secrete specific substances
    1. water
    2. lipids
    3. steroids
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29
Q

Glandular cells are classified based on what 2 characteristics?

A
  1. Cell number
    • unicellular or multi
  2. where product is released
    • exocrine/endocrine
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30
Q

Where does the product of an exocrine gland go?

Give some examples.

A

ducts to direct surface (body surface or cavity)

- mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, digestive enzymes

31
Q

Where does the product of an endocrine gland go?

Give some examples.

A

directly into the bloodstream then travels to tissue

  • travel to specific target (cells, tissues, organs)
  • cells in adreal gland secrete products into bloodstream and cells of thymus secrete into spaces between cells
32
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

a unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucous

33
Q

Are exocrine glands uni or multicellular? Why?

A

multicellular

  • more complex, divides into duct and secretory regions
  • usually have connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels around outside
34
Q

What are the 2 ways multicellular exocrine glands are classified?

A
  1. branching =
    - simple = unbranched - compound = branched
  2. shape =
    - tubular= tube-like
    - acinar(alveolar)= flasklike
    - tublo-acinar = both
35
Q

What tissue do both exocrine and endocrine glands form?

A

epithelial tissue

- endocrine glands lose their ducts

36
Q

What is connective tissue?

What are the 5 types of connective tissues?

A
  • most diverse widely distributed abundant type of all 4 tissues
    Function = connect one structure to another
    1. tendons
    2. ligaments
    3. body fat
    4. bones
    5. cartliage
37
Q

What are the 4 main functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. protection - tissues and organs
  2. physical support - muscle attachments allow for skeletal move
  3. energy storage/insulation - adipose tissue
  4. transporting substances - blood carries nutrients and gases
38
Q

What is the ground substance and function?

A
  • interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)
  • mixture of proteins and CHO, salts and water
  • allows for movement of nutrients and dissolved substances to pass between cells and blood vessels
39
Q

What are fibers and function?

A
  • provide support

- help determine structural properties of tissues

40
Q

What are the 3 different types of fibers and functions of each?

A
  1. collagen - most common, strongest
    - resist pulling
  2. Elastic - stretch and return to original shape
  3. Reticular - thin, branching collagen fibers
    - forms extensive networks (spleen)
41
Q

What 2 substances make up the extracellular matrix?

A

ground substance and fibers

42
Q

What are cells in terms of connective tissue and function?

A
  • different for all connective tissues

- loose connective tissue

43
Q

Cells that end in “blast” mean?

A

developing and active

44
Q

Cells that end in “cyst” mean?

A

mature and less active

45
Q

Very common cells that secrete fibers?

A

fibroblasts

46
Q

the clean up cells

- engulf bacteria and cellular debris

A

macrophages

47
Q

these cells secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

48
Q

these cells are abundant in blood vessels and produce histamine

A

mast cells

49
Q

these cells store fat

A

adipocytes

50
Q

these cells are not normally present and migrate in response to infection

A

white blood cells

51
Q

What kind of connective tissue is areolar? What are its functions and location?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • loosely packed fibers of all types and immune cells
    Function = cushion organs
    Location = under epithelial layers and surrounding organs
52
Q

What kind of connective tissue is adipose? What is the function/location?

A
  • loose CT
  • matrix crowded by tightly packed adipocytes
    Function = insulate and protect organs (energy storage depot)
    Location = around major organs, in subcutaneous layer of the skin (under dermns)
53
Q

What kind of connective tissue is adipose? What is the function/location?

A
  • loose CT
  • matrix crowded by tightly packed adipocytes
    Function = insulate and protect organs (energy storage depot)
    Location = around major organs, in subcutaneous layer of the skin (under dermis)
54
Q

What kind of connective tissue is reticular? what is the function/location?

A

-loose CT
-meshwork of reticular fibers loosely organized
Function = support tissue and immune cells
Location = lymph nodes, bone marrow, splenic pulp

55
Q

What kind of connective tissue is regular? What are the function/location?

A
  • dense CT
    -fibers are alligned and parallel to eachother
    -fibroblasts embedded within a regularly ordered assembly of collagen fibers
    Function - resist pull
    Location = attaches muscle to bone (tendon) and attaches bone to bone (ligament)
56
Q

what kind of CT is irregular? What are its functions/location?

A

-dense CT
irregular-arranged collagen fibers with fibroblasts embedded within
Function = resists force from many directions
Location = dermis, joint capsules, underlying epithelial linings (digestive tract)

57
Q

What type of CT are elastic? What is the function/location?

A

-dense CT
-enriched with elastin fibers (ordered arrangment of elastin)
Function = stretch and recoil of tissue
Location = walls of arteries, bronchial tubes and some ligaments

58
Q

What is cartilage and where is it found?

What are the mature cells found here?

A

-collagen and elastic fibers in a specialized matrix
-provide support and withstand deformation
-found in lacunae
mature cells = chondrocytes

59
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

A
  • most abundant but weakest

- developing bones

60
Q

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

A

lots of collagen and the strongest

- intervertebral discs

61
Q

what is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

what type of CT is cartilage?

A

-supporting CT
lots of elastic fibers to maintain shape
-found in ear

62
Q

What type of CT is bone? Function?

A
  • supporting CT
  • similar to cartilage but different matrix
  • cells lay down matrix and become trapped within lacunae = osteocytes
63
Q

What is the difference between bone and cartilage?

A 
cartilage= disorganized
bone = organized (round)
64
Q

What type of CT is blood? What is its major components and function?

A

-fluid CT
-matrix = mostly water
cells = red and white BC’s and platelets

65
Q

How does blood differ from lymph?

A
  • lymph matrix similar to blood but has fewer proteins in it
  • cellular composition varies
66
Q

What are the 2 different types of membranes?

A
  1. Epithelial membranes = epithelial and connective tissues

2. Synovial membranes = just connective tissue

67
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane and what is it made of?

A
  • covers surface of body (skin)
  • keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia attached to thick layer of CT
  • exposed to air and dry
68
Q

What is a mucous membrane? Function and location?

A

-lines passageways that open to body surface
-mucous traps particles and lubricates passages
-antibacterial agents
Function - defence
Location= digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts

69
Q

What are serous membranes and what 2 layers are components of it?

A
  • lines body cavities that does not open to the exterior
    1. Parietal layer - attached to cavity wall
    2. Visceral layer - attached to organs
70
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

what are they made up of?

A

found where 2 bones meet

  • consist of CT only
  • cells secrete synovial fluid that acts as lube
71
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

Function/location?

A
  • forms from fused cells
    -multi nucleated - striations visible
    Function = voluntary skeletal movement
    Location = attach to bones
72
Q

What is cardiac muscle? Function/location?

A

-specialized cell junctions (intercallated discs) with great degree of branching
- individual nuclei and striations visible
Location = heart wall

73
Q

What is smooth muscle?Function/location?

A

-spindle-shaped cells within a central nucleus
-found in layers that form sheets
Function = accommodates stretching
Location = walls of hollow organs

74
Q

What 2 things makes up nervous tissue? Function/location?

A
  1. Neurons - recieve sensory info. and carry to the brain
    - transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs
  2. Glial cells = support protection and nourishment for neurons
    Location= brain, spinal cord, CNS and PNS

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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