chapter 5 Flashcards
construction and movement through the membrane
plasma membrane
coupling and chemical reactions
energy
catalysts and inhibiting
enzymes
security gate for everything entering and exiting
PM
edge of life
PM
4 components of Pm
phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
proteins
glycocalyx
interspersed throughout the phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
along inside and outside of Pm
proteins
short carbohydrate on outside of PM
glycocalyx
lubricate between cells and allow them to adhere when needed
glycocalx
hydrophilic head faces
outside
hydrohphobic tail faces
towards each other in center
what does selectively permeable mean
only hydrophobic and small molecules can pass through
acts to keep smaller molecules from passing
cholesterol
resists hot and cold temperatures
cholesterol
2 types of proteins
integral and peripheral
binds hydrophobic interior, can pop out on
integral proteins
lie on either side of membrane
peripheral proteins
functions of proteins
structural support
recognition
communication
transport
no energy neeeded
passive transport
drying out or flooding of cells due to osmotic pressure
osmotic imbalance
prevention of water movement used by animals
osmoregulation
solution has lower concentration of solutes than cell
hypotonic
solution has higher concentration of solutes than the cell
hypertonic
cell lyses and swells
hypotonic
cell shrivels
hypertonic
molecules must pass through a transport protein in PM
facilitated diffusion
helps polar or charged molecules move through
facilitated diffusion
water uses
aquaporin
energy is needed to move across PM
active transport
can move cell against concentration gradient
active transport
move compounds across PM
chemical pumps
used for nerve and muscle action
active transport
movement of large molecules OUT of the cell through vesicles
exocytosis
movement of large molecules IN to the cell by forming a vesicle with the PM
endocytosis
fluids are taken in as vesicles
pinocytosis
use of pseudopod to surround and engulf
phagocytosis
used for digestion of old cells or invaders
phagocytosis
form vacuoles
phagocytosis
capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force
energy
types of energy
potential and kinetic
energy is stored
potential
energy is in motion
kinetic
produces heat-random movement
kinetic
will energy reform once it is heat?
NO
study of energy
thermodynamics
first law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destroyed
second law of thermodynamics
energy transfer will always result in greater amount of disorder
measure of the amount of disorder
entropy
the greater the entropy
the greater the disorder
reactants contain more energy than products
exergonic
catabolic reaction (breaking)
exergonic
starches break down into simple sugars
exergonic
stored energy is released for the body
exergonic
products contain more energy than reactants
endergonic
anabolic reaction (building)
endergonic
glucose from starches
endergonic
uses energy
endergonic
sum of all chemical reactions
metabolism
series of chemical reactions working together to a common goal
metabolic pathway
exergonic reactions
power endergonic reactions
most important energy transfer molecule in living things
ATP
energy comes from
phosphate groups
negatively charged
repel each other
phosphates
ATP production
phosphorylation
phosphorylation is
dehydration/endergonic reaction
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups seperate
energy is created (exergonic)
hydrolysis to ADP and Pi
energy created
what must be added to ADP to be used again
Pi
takes a certain amount of energy to allow potential energy to be released
activation energy
protein that accelerates a chemical reaction as catalysts
enzyme
substance that an enzyme helps transform
substrate
help substrates bind with active sites
cofactors
organic cofactors
coenzymes
many vitamins are
coenzymes
inhibiting molecule binds to the active site/ stops reaction
competitive inhibition
inhibiting molecule binds to another spot on the enzyme
non competitive inhibition
active site then changes
non competitive inhibition
