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Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what element has high bonding capability

A

carbon

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2
Q

how many electrons does carbon share to form biological molecules

A

4

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3
Q

the study of molecules with carbon

A

organic chemistry

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4
Q

is carbon dioxide organic

A

carbon dioxide is NOT organic

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5
Q

hydrogen and carbon ONLY

A

hydrocarbons

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6
Q

same chemical formula. different shape

A

isomers

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7
Q

important chemical groups in molecules

A

functional groups

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8
Q

are functional groups hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

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9
Q

Are functional groups polar or non polar?

A

polar

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are

A

sugars

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11
Q

lipids are

A

fats

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12
Q

proteins are

A

enzymes

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13
Q

nucleic acids are

A

DNA/RNA

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14
Q

large molecule made of smaller ones

A

polymer

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15
Q

small, simple molecule that combine to form polymers

A

monomers

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16
Q

how do monomers form polymers?

A

covalent bond

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17
Q

steps of dehydration

A
  1. removes water
  2. forms a covalent bond
    (this is known as synthesis)
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18
Q

steps of hydrolysis

A
  1. Breaks a covalent bond
  2. Adds water
    (decomposition)
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19
Q

builds a polymer

A

dehydration

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20
Q

breaks polymers into monomers

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

what do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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22
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of?

A

monosaccharides

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23
Q

what are 2 examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

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24
Q

larger sugars, combination of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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25
Q

what are the 4 complex carbohydrates that contribute to life?

A

Starch, Glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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26
Q

glucose storage in animals

A

glycogen

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27
Q

holds structures of plants

A

cellulose

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28
Q

can animals digest cellulose?

A

no it is INSOLUBLE fiber

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29
Q

exoskeleton of arthropods

A

chitin

30
Q

smaller than other biological molecules

A

lipids

31
Q

no common structural element

A

lipids

32
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

33
Q

what are the 4 classes of lipids?

A
  1. Glycerides
  2. Steroids
  3. phospholipids
  4. wax
34
Q

what kind of reactions are glycerides linked in?

A

dehydration

35
Q

most commonly ingested lipid by humans

A

triglycerides

36
Q

contains all single bonds

A

saturated fats

37
Q

solid at room temperature

A

saturated fats

38
Q

animal fats

A

saturated

39
Q

contain double bonds

A

unsaturated

40
Q

liquid at room temp

A

unsaturated fats

41
Q

plant fats

A

unsaturated

42
Q

adding hydrogens to naturally unsaturated fats making them saturated

A

hydrogenated oils

43
Q

contain 4 carbon rings with various side chains

A

steroids

44
Q

makes up cells and can cause cardiovascular problems

A

cholesterol

45
Q

types of steriods

A

cholesterol
estrogen
testosterone

46
Q

types of glycerides

A

saturated and unsaturated

47
Q

charged molecule with 2 fatty acids, glycerol and phosphate

A

phospholipids

48
Q

phospholipids have a _______ head and a ________ tail

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

49
Q

make up plasma membrane of cells

A

phospholipids

50
Q

important sealing function in the living world

A

wax

51
Q

made up of chains of amino acids

A

protein

52
Q

can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

proteins

53
Q

form between amino acids

A

peptide bonds

54
Q

chain of amino acids

A

polypeptide chain

55
Q

types of proteins

A 
enzymes
structural
contractile
defensive
signaling
receptor
storage
56
Q

structure sequence:

amino acids code proteins

A

primary structure

57
Q

structure sequence:

hydrogen bonds between amino acids

A

secondary

58
Q

structure sequence
groups realign
hydrophobic with other hydrophobic

A

tertiary

59
Q

2 or more polypeptide chains come together forming a 3D shape (functioning protein)

A

quaternary

60
Q

degrades protein’s shape

A

denaturation

61
Q

combination of lipids and proteins

A

lipoprotein

62
Q

what do lipoproteins do?

A

transport cholesterol in humans

63
Q

combination of proteins and carbs

A

glycoproteins

64
Q

signal-receiving receptors found on cell surfaces

A

glycoproteins

65
Q

made up of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

66
Q

contain 1 phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

67
Q

examples of nucleotides

A

ATP, DNA, RNA

68
Q

instruction code for proteins

A

DNA

69
Q

holds genes

A

DNA

70
Q

“translator”

A

RNA

71
Q

coding DNA into RNA

A

transcription

72
Q

coding RNA into proteins

A

translation

Biology (24 decks)

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