chapter 5 Flashcards
animals, natural environment, blood-injection injury, situational and other stimuli, may be referred to as…
phobic stimulus that code specific phobias
what may be considered situational stimuli?
- airplanes, elevators and enclosed spaces
what may be classified as “other” stimuli?
situations that lead to choking or vomiting
in children, loud costumed characters
t or f?
Specific phobias are more common in men than in women.
f
specific phobias are actually more common in women
what are the two psychological theories of phobias?
- psychoanalytic theory of phobias
- behavioural theory of phobias
social anxiety disorder
- social situations
- fear of being rejected, judged, or humiliated
- avoidance
- distress
- 12%
what are the biological vulnerabilities of social anxiety disorder?
shyness and a heritability rate of 13-75%
what are the cognitive vulnerabilities of social anxiety?
-misinterpreting cues and perfectionistic standards
what are the learning vulnerabilities of social anxiety disorder?
- rejection by peers, over-controlling and critical parents, and prepared conditioning
what are 4 symptoms of PSTD?
- intrusions
- avoidance
- negative alterations in cognitions and mood
- arousal and reactivity
what are Intrusions?
nightmares, intrusive images, and physiological reactivity to trauma reminder
what does avoidance involve?
0 efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or reminders of trauma
detachment, shame, anger, and distorted blame of the self and/or others are…
negative alterations in cognitions and mood
what does arousal and reactivity involve?
hypervigilance, excessive response when startled, aggression and reckless behaviour
what are common reactions to trauma?
- 50-60% experience 1+ traumas
- 95% of trauma-exposed have some symptoms for 2-6 months
- 10-20% of trauma-exposed develop PTSD
how does PTSD affect the brain?
- activation of the prefrontal cortex lowers
- activation of the amygdala raises
- volume of the hippocampus lowers
- resting cortisol lowers
- regulation of HPA axis lowers
Mia has a tendency to engage in avoidance, which increases her negative reinforcement and maintains her fears. What is Mia experiencing?
behavioural factors in PTSD
Anjelena struggles with self-blame, believes the world is dangerous, and that events are uncontrollable. What is Anjelena struggling with?
cognitive factors in PTSD
what are the 3 phases of 12 week group therapy programs for individuals with PTSD?
phase 1: psychoeducation & adaptive coping skills acquisition
phase 2: trauma processing work
phase 3: relapse prevention
to deal with Symptoms of PTSD, melody decided to start setting goals, managing her sleep, grounding her techniques, restructuring her cognition, and trauma processing and prolong exposure. which approach is Melody taking?
what are CBT approaches for PTSD symptom management
detachment, shame, anger, distorted blame self/others maybe be considered what?
negative alterations in cognitions and mood
what are the most common reactions to trauma?
- 50-60% experience 1+ trauma
- 95% of trauma-exposed have some symptoms for 2-6 months
- 10-20% of trauma-exposed develop PTSD
what is the process of a prolonged stress response?
- lower activation of prefrontal cortex
- higher activation of the amygdala
- lower volume of the hippocampus
- lower resting cortisol
- lower regulation of HPA axis
Teresa has a tendency to engage in avoidance, increase negative reinforcement, and maintain her fears. What may this represent?
behavioural factors in PTSD
Anjelena carries a lot of self-blame, believes the world is dangerous and that events are uncontrollable. what may this represent?
cognitive factors in PTSD
what are the three phases of 12 week group therapy programs for individuals with PTSD?
phase 1: psychoeducation & adaptive coping skills acquisition
phase 2: trauma processing work
phase 3: relapse prevention
what are CBT approaches for PTSD symptom management
- goal setting
- sleep management (ew: image rehearsal therapy)
- grounding techniques
- cognitive restructuring
- trauma processing/prolonged exposure
define anxiety
A state of mood characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune
what is fear?
an immediate emotional alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies
define panic.
sudden overwhelming fright or terror
What is a panic attack?
an abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms such as dizziness or heart palpitations
What is the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)?
The brain circuit in he limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety
explain the fight/flight system (FFS)
A brain circuit in animals that, when stimulated, causes an immediate alarm and escape response resembling human panic
what is generalized anxiety disorder? (GAD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness
define panic disorder (PD)
recurrent unexpected panic attack accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks
what is Agoraphobia?
An anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
what is Panic control treatment (PCT)?
cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them
what is a specific phobia?
an unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning
what are situational phobias?
anxieties involving enclosed places (ex: claustrophobia) or public transportation (ex: fear of flying)
what are animal phobias?
unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life
what is separation anxiety disorder?
Excessive enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart
what is social anxiety disorder?
extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
what is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD?)
and enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness - or fear- including threat.
- The victim re-experiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal
what is acute stress disorder?
severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization.
- Many victims later develop PTSD
what are adjustment disorders?
anxious or depressive reactions to life stress that are generally milder than in acute stress disorder or PTSD but that are nevertheless impairing in terms of interfering with work or school performance, interpersonal relationships, or other areas of living
what are attachment disorders?
developmentally inappropriate behaviours in which a child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults
what is reactive attachment disorder?
an attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behaviour neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident
what is reactive attachment disorder?
an attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behaviour neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one
- fearfulness and sadness are often evident
disinhibited social engagement disorder refers to what?
a condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults
what is obsessive compulsive disorder?
an anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
what are obsessions?
recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces
what are compulsions?
repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviours or mental acts a person feels driven to perform
what is body dysmorphic disorder? (BDD)
A somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance (“imagined ugliness”)
define Trichotillomania.
people’s urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including scalp, eyebrows, and arms
define Excoriation.
the recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one’s skin leading to significant impairment or distress
define social anxiety disorder.
Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
what would you most likely experience in response to the roaring lion?
fear: a response to a current or present event
- natural response to immediate threat
- ANS (fight or flight) Arousal
what would you be experiencing while worrying about a future potential?
anxiety: response to worrying about the future
- apprehensive thought
- muscle tension
what if your body is swarmed by intense fight or flight response to something most people do not perceive as dangerous (ex: a cute butterfly)?
Panic/Panic Attack
- intense ANS (fight or flight) arousal
- in the absence of a “real threat”
- false alarm
true or false?
agoraphobia is when a person is afraid to go outside
false
define Agoraphobia
intense fear and avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available
(ex: public transit, crowds, enclosed spaces, leaving house alone)
what makes an event traumatic?
being exposed or threatened to death, serious injury, or sexual violence
which events can lead to a trauma disorder like PTSD?
- directly experienced
- witnessing as it occurs to others
- learning that it happened to a loved one
- repeated exposure to details
4 major areas of disturbance
- intrusion: nightmares, memories, flashbacks
- avoidance: thoughts, memories, feelings, people, places, objects
- negative alterations in cognitions and mood: distorted thoughts, persistent negative emotions, amnesia, detached
- Physical Arousal: irritable, exhausted, sleep disturbancess
acute stress disorder symptoms must last for?
more than three days but less than one month
PTSD symptoms must last for?
more than one month
approx 60% of patients with panic disorders are free of panic as long as they stay on an effective drug
profiles reflection
most patients with phobias are well aware that there if usually nothing to fear in the feared situations, however, psychological treatment convinced the patient on an emotional level as well by reality testing the situation and confirming that nothing dangerous happens
profiles reflection
