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Psych 260 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the Multidimensional Integrative Approach

A

an approach to the study of psychopathology, that holds psychological disorders are always the result of multiple interacting casual factors.

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2
Q

what do psychological dimensions include?

A

casual factors from behavioral and cognitive processes

include helplessness, social learning, prepared learning and unconscious processes

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3
Q

What do biological dimensions include?

A

casual factors from fields of genetics and neuroscience

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4
Q

true or false?

all dimensions are segregate and have no influences among each other

A

False.

each dimension, biological or psychological, is strongly influences by the others and by development, and weave together in various complex and intricate ways to create a psychological disorder

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5
Q

what might a linear casual model hold?

A

that schizophrenia or a phobia is caused by a chemical imbalance or by growing up surrounded by overwhelming conflicts among family members

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6
Q

define systemic

A

implies that any particular influence contributing to psychopathology cannot be considered out of context

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7
Q

define Context

A

the biology and behavior of the individual, as well as cognitive, emotional, social, and cultural environment

because any one component of the system inevitably affects the other components.

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8
Q

what is a common cause of fainting?

A

Vasovagal Syncope

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9
Q

define Syncope

A

“sinking feeling” or “swoon” due to low blood pressure

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10
Q

what is a possible cause of Vasovagal Syncope?

A

an overreaction of mechanisms that compensates for sudden increases in blood pressure by lowering it

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11
Q

true or false

the tendency to overcompensate seems to be inherited?

A

True

this may account for the high rate of blood-injury-injection phobia in families

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12
Q

How do people with severe syncope reaction tendencies cope with their reactions?

A

in various ways, including tensing their muscles whenever they are confronted with blood

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13
Q

what happens when you tense your muscles?

A

it very quickly raises blood pressure and prevents the fainting response

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14
Q

what would be the most important point when adopting a one-dimensional casual model to the cause of blood-injury-injection phobia?

A

to cause blood-injury-injection phobia, a complex interaction must occur between behavioural and biological factors

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15
Q

true or false

a strong syncope individually reaction causes blood-injury-injection phobia

A

false.
although inheriting a strong syncope reaction definitely puts people at risk for developing this phobia, other influences are at work as well

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16
Q

what physiological responses can emotions affect?

A

blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration

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17
Q

what does the baroreflex do?

A

it increases or decreases blood pressure in an effort to maintain a stable blood pressure in the body

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18
Q

true or false?

being supported when someone experiences symptoms is always a helpful way to deal with a psychological disorder.

A

False.
This is not always helpful because the strong effects of social attention may actually increase the frequency and intensity of the reaction.

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19
Q

what is a developmental critical period?

A

a period when we are more or less reactive to a given situation or influence than at other times.

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20
Q

what is applied muscle tension?

A

a simple behavioural technique that reduces vasovagal reactions by maintaining blood pressure

21
Q

what are Genes?

A

Genes are very long molecules of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) at various locations on chromosomes within the cell nucleus

22
Q

what do the first 22 pairs of chromosomes provide?

A

they provide programs for the development of the body and brain, and the last pair called the sec chromosomes

23
Q

what do the last 22 pairs of chromosomes provide and what are they called?

A

they are called sex chromosomes because they determine an individual’s sex

24
Q

what is a dominant gene?

A

one pair of genes that determines a particular trait

25
Q

what is a recessive gene?

A

in contrast to dominant genes, a recessive gene must be paired with another recessive gene to influence a trait

26
Q

define polygenic

A

polygenic are influenced by many genes, each contributing only a tiny effect, all of which in turn, may be influenced by the environment

the same is true to be said for psychiatric disorders

27
Q

describe the shape of a double helix

A

shaped like a spiral staircase

- two spiral intertwined turning in opposite directions

28
Q

what may help us predict fairly accurately how many offspring will develop a certain trait, characteristic, or disorder, depending on whether one or both of the parents carry the gene?

A

The Mendelian laws of genetics

29
Q

true or false?

polygenic interactions are often quite simply.

A

False.

Polygenic interactions can be quite complex.

30
Q

what procedures do genetic scientists use to look for patterns of influence across genes?

A

they use sophisticated procedures such as quantitative genetics and molecular genetics.

31
Q

what do quantitative genetics estimate?

A

estimates the effects of genes in explaining individual differences (heritability) without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects.

32
Q

what do molecular genetics focus on?

A

focuses on examining the actual structure and functioning of genes with increasingly advanced technologies (ex: DNA Microarrays)

33
Q

What are DNA Microarrays for?

A

these technologies allow scientists to analyze thousands of genes at once and identify broad networks of genes that may be contributing to a particular trait

34
Q

true or false?

red blood cells contain our genetic structure

A

false
all cells contain our entire genetic structure EXCEPT for red blood cells.

only a small proportion of genes, however, in any one cell are turned on or expressed

35
Q

what do specialized cells influence?

A

some influence liver function and other affect personality

36
Q

what does the absence of normal maternal behaviour of “licking and grooming” prevent?

A

it prevents the genetic expression of a glucocorticoid receptor that modulates stress hormones

37
Q

true or false

heritability accounts for specific cognitive abilities

A

True

this includes abilities such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations, ranged from 32 to 62 percent.

38
Q

during adult hood, what do genetic factors determine?

A

genetic factors determine stability in cognitive abilities

39
Q

during adult hood, what do environmental factors determine?

A

environmental factors are responsible for any changes

40
Q

what role do genetic factors play in psychological disorders?

A

genetic factors make some contribution to all psychological disorders but account for less than half of the variability

41
Q

true or false?

adverse life events, such as chaotic childhood, can actually overwhelm the influence of genes.

A

true.

42
Q

where do contributes to psychological disorders come fro?

A

many genes, each having relatively small effect

43
Q

what did Erik Kandel suggest?

A

he suggested that the genetic structure of cells may actually change as result of learning, if genes that were interactive or dominant interact with environment in such a way that they become active

in other words: the environment may occasionally turn certain genes on

44
Q

True or False?

The brain once maturity is reach is set/hardwired.

A

False.
The brain and its functions are “plastic”, subject to continual change in response to the environment, even at the level of genetic structure.

45
Q

what are two models of gene-environment interactions relate to psychopathology that have received the most attention?

A

1) the diathesis stress model

2) the reciprocal gene-environment model

46
Q

define the diathesis stress model.

A

the hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and a specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder

47
Q

what is a diathesis?

A

a condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder

48
Q

define vulnerability.

A

susceptibility or tendency to develop a disorder

Psych 260 (13 decks)

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