chapter 3&4 Flashcards
a standard set of questions with specific scoring criteria would best be described as:
a structured clinical interview
a possible mental status exam that includes appearance and behaviour, thought processes, mood and affect, and intellectual functioning may be recognized as:
an unstructured clinical interview
what are symptom questionnaires used for?
symptom questionnaires are quick and useful for screening and can be used to assess treatment progress
what are personality inventories?
personality inventories are typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. They sometimes assess response biases such as MMPI
what are cognitive screens used for?
cognitive screens are quick and useful for screening, and helpful at gaging level of comprehension/understanding
when the clinician observes a patients behaviours, antecedents and consequences, and impact of environmental contingencies, what is this observation known as?
a behavioural observation
when a patient tracks their behaviours outside of the session, this is useful for identifying maintaining factors, what is this process called?
self-monitoring
what are the pros to projective tests?
- patients theoretically interpret based on conflicts, desires, concerns, and personality
- may undercover unconscious issues
- could help if resistant or biased responder, or children with less developed language/emotional understanding
what are the cons to projective tests?
- not very reliable - biased assessment
- questionable validity
- rely on subjective clinical interpretation
- lack of cultural consideration
depressed mood, loss of interest, weight loss, worthlessness, guilt and suicidal thoughts are likely symptoms of which psychological disorder?
depression
excessive worry, restlessness, irritability and muscle tension are likely symptoms of which psychological disorder?
anxiety
fatigue, sleep disturbances and concentration problems are likely symptoms of which two psychological disorders?
depression and anxiety
define Etiology
the causes, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
- OR, the investigation or attribution of the cause or reason for something
the factor we are trying to predict is referred to as?
the dependent variable
ex: diagnosis, depression symptoms
the factor we believe will affect the DV is referred to as?
the independent variable
ex: social media use
what is the operational definition?
how we measure constructs of interest
ex: reported depression symptoms; number of minutes spent on social media
true or false?
When the result is statistically significant it is clinically significant as well.
false.
just because the result is statistically significant does not mean it is clinically significant
A detailed examination of the individual is a
Case Study
what are the pros to case studies?
- can study rare problems
- rich in information and context
what are the cons to case studies?
- not generalizable
- not objective
define generalizability
applying what we have learned to other individual or groups
what is a correlational study?
an examination of the relationship between two variables without changing either
relationships between membership in a group and another variable are referred to as
group comparisons
what are two types of correlational studies?
- cross sectional= one point in time
- longitudinal = measured over time
What represents the relationship between two variable and describes the direction and strength of association?
Correlation Coefficient
as one variable goes up, the other goes up:
positive correlation
as one variable goes up, the other goes down:
negative correlation
what are the advantages to correlational studies?
- external validity
- generalizes to real life
- can identify temporal ordering in longitudinal.
what are the disadvantages to correlational studies?
- direction of effects - cause or consequence?
- third variable problem
what are epidemiological
studies of frequency and distribution of a disorder
what does the prevalence of a disorder refer to?
the proportion of the population with the disorder
what is the incidence of a disorder?
the occurrence of a disorder within a specified period of time
what are risk factors of a psychological disorder?
conditions associated with increased likelihood of the disorder occurring
what is an advantage of epidemiological studies?
- they identify high-risk times/groups
what is a disadvantage to epidemiological studies?
- they provide no causal factors
An intervention that is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated, is referred to as:
ABA or reversal design
An intervention that might be given to the same individual but in different settings, or to different individuals at different points in time, is referred to as:
Multiple baselines design
what are therapy outcome studies used for?
to test if a specific therapy reduces a problem
what are the 3 control groups in therapy outcome studies?
1) simple control group: no treatment
2) wait list control group: waits for treatment
3) Placebo control group: gets “inactive” treatment to control other variables
what are Animal Studies and why are they convenient?
animals studies expose animals to situations in the laboratory that it would not be ethical to impose on humans. they are convenient because they are easier to control than human laboratory studies
what are advantages to experimental studies?
- more control
- efficient
what are the disadvantages to experimental studies?
- generalizability
- ethical limitations
- some treatment studies are unrealistic
- effectiveness: how does it work in the real world?
family history study, twin studies, adoption study, and molecular genetic study all could be referred to as:
Genetic Studies
explain family history study
- identify people with and without disorder
- family pedigrees: are relatives of patients more likely to have disorder?
explain twin study
- compare rates of a disorder among monozygotic (100%same genes)and dizygotic twins (50% same genes)
explain adoption study
- compare rates of a disorder among: biological relatives of the affected person vs. adoptive relatives of the affected person
explain molecular genetic study
- identifies genetic markers and asks if the disorder is more common in those with the marker
what guidance does APA provide?
to do the following: - identify the claim the researchers or journalists are making
- evaluate the evidence that is cited to support the claim
- consider alternative explanations for the findings
- consider the source of the research claim
what is the CLAIM of the correlational study between social media and depression?
the claim is that social media use causes depression
what is the ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION of the correlational study between social media and depression?
- The alternative explanation is that there is a bidirectional relationship or reverse causation
what is the SOURCE of the correlational study between social media and depression?
- Peer reviewed journal
define reliability
the consistency of scores or responses from a result
what is test-retest reliability?
the consistency of test results across time by testing and retesting individuals to compare the results
interrater reliability
consistency of responses across raters (doctors)
what is validity?
the extent to which a test measures to which it is supposed to measure
content validity
a measure of the extent to which the content of the test matches the test’s objectives
which question do you think is most valid for a test that assesses one’s mood?
A) Do you like mystery Novels?
B) Have you felt more depressed than usual?
C)How frequently do you have diarrhea
D) Do you hear voices in your head?
B
what is predictive validity?
a measure of the extent to which the test can make accurate predictions
Construct Validity
a measure of the extent to which the test measures the intended constructs
(ex: intelligence, depression)
