Chapter 5

Question 1

the peculiarity of stuttering is ? and is one of the most ?

some of the worlds leading experts in stuttering were drawn to the field of SLP because

Answer 1

undeniable/identifiable comm. disorders

they themselves have a fluency disorder

Question 2

fluency
disfluency
two primary fluency disorders

Answer 2

effortless flow of speech
a disruption or breakdown in the flow of speech
-stuttering and cluttering

Question 3

types of fluency disorders 
developmental stuttering 
-stuttering is found to occur in?
-occurs in every 
onset of stuttering occurs from 
involves ?

Answer 3

all lang.
1 out of every 100 indiv.
2-5 years of age
over/observable and covert/non observable behaviors

Question 4

stuttering overt behaviors

Answer 4

interjection : umm, err
sound/syllable repetition: bababababy 
word repetition: my my my 
phrase repetition 
audible sound prolongation: he went to rrrrrun
inaudible sound prolongation (block)
revision: I am from ch ch ..the windy city 
combination of any of the above

Question 5

secondary behaviors
bodily movements:
psychosocial behaviors

Answer 5

facial grimaces
head movements
loss of eye contact

fear
frustration
embarrassment 
anger 
word avoidance

Question 6

causes and risk factors 
stuttering results from ?
predisposing factors
-factors that make an individual ?
-contributing about?

Answer 6

combo of factors (no single cause)

susceptible to a fluency disorder
-70% to likelihood of stuttering

Question 7

-contributing about

Answer 7

developmental and environmental factors that can worsen stuttering
-30% to likelihood of stuttering

Question 8

predisposing factors
family history: tends to run in ? suggesting ?
… have immediate family members who stutter; … have extended family members

Answer 8

families / a genetic component

50%/70%

Question 9

predisposing factors 2:

gender

Answer 9

males 3 to 4 times more likely to be affected than females

Question 10

predisposing factors 3:
processing ability:
additional impairments ? including a ?
may be caused by ?

Answer 10

likely to co-occur / lang. disorder and phonological disorder
inappropriate hemispheric specialization

Question 11

predisposing factor 4:

motor speech coordination

Answer 11

may have diff. coordinating and timing motor activities required to produce fluent speech

Question 12

precipitating factors
age: who most affected
developmental stressors:
self awareness: atypical

Answer 12

2-10
demanding parents, divorce, illness etc
heightened awareness of own disfluencies

Question 13

types of fluency disorders:
non-developmental stuttering
neurogenic stuttering: results from conditions affecting
psychogenic stuttering: a condition referring to people in whom
cluttering:

Answer 13

various areas of brain

• psychological disturbance is clearly diagnosed
• disorder of speaking rate

Question 14

neurogenic stuttering
fluency disorder usually aqcuired during::
caused by damage to ?
ex:
most do not have 
different from ordinary stuttering and cluttering because 
-problem develops during 
-stuttering varies

Answer 14

adulthood

• CNS
  ex: strokes, TBI, tumors

childhood history of stuttering

adulthood
little if at all across situations

Question 15

psychogenic stuttering 
aquired during
caused by 
no childhood
onset was not caused by 
diff. from ordinary stutterin ghwo

Answer 15

adulthood
acute or chronic psychological disturbance 
history of stuttering 
CNS damage
develops during adulthood 
varied little if at all

Question 16

cluttering 
a fluency disorder in which speech is characterized by 
-rapid
-frequent
-slurred
-improper 

person has normal? but usually has delayed ?

• immature
• difficulty with

Answer 16

rate
hesitations
articulation
syntax

intelligence/speech and lang. development

• grammar and articulation
• reading and writing

Question 17

Assessment of Fluency Disorders
are speech disfluencies present ?
what is the nature of the speech disfluencies ?

Answer 17

speech sample
disfluency count

occurence of within word disfluencies (SLD)
stuttering severity scales
occurence of secondary behaviors

Question 18

Treatment of fluency disorders
traditional approaches:
fluency shaping
stuttering modification

Answer 18

designed to modify all aspects of the client’s speaking behavior

designed to address individual moments of stuttering, as opposed to changing the entire pattern of speaking behavior

Question 19

nontraditional treatment approaches
hypnotherapy:
drug therapy:
electronic devices

Answer 19

a psychologically based approach to the treatment of stuttering

use of anti anxiety medication to reduce moments of stuttering

closely resemble hearing aides that provide an auditory distraction to help alter the individuals overall speaking behavior