Chapter 5-7 Flashcards
What was the free born citizens divided into?
- patricians
- plebeians
What was the diet of a wealthy Roman?
•Romans only ate light meals throughout the day
-breakfast consisted of bread and fruit and cheese was eaten at lunch
•the main meal was dinner and was divided into three courses
- stuffed olives, oysters and dormice eaten as starters
- main course was pig, boars head, ostrich and lobster
- desert: honey cakes, dates, grapes
What was the diet of a poor roman?
- lentil or barely soup
- cheap cuts of meat stewed in vinegar
- gov gave free grain to very poor people so they could make bread and porridge (dole)
Clothing of Romans
Men: loose short tunic and a toga over tunic
Women: long tunic and palla (large cloak)
What was the circus maimed?
A massive venue for chariot racing in Rome
How many people could be in the circus maximum?
250,000
What were the races in the circus maximus like?
The races was 7 laps
-charioteers were strapped into chariots to prevent themselves from falling out but they had a knife so they could cut themselves lose for the the wreckage
How many people could be in the colosseum?
50,000
Who were the Roman gods?
- Jupiter (King)
- Juno (queen)
- Mars (war)
- Venus (love)
- Neptune (sea)
- Mercury (messenger)
What was the haruspex?
A special priest who would examine the liver of a sacrificed animal. If the liver contained a disease it was considered to be a bad omen
What was the feudal system?
The King gave an area of land (a fief) to nobles or lords who agreed to supply the King with soldiers and horses for his army, the peasants worked the land for nobles and knights who offered them protection in return
What is a motte?
A hill built artificially for a castle to put it in a more advantageous position
What was a Bailey?
A courtyard at the bottom of a motte, usually peasants lived there
What was a moat?
A deep ditch dug around the Bailey
Why were castles built out of stone?
To provide protection against the weather and fire
What was the keep?
A large square tower where the Lord and his family lived
What was wrong with the stone castles
- damp and dark
- no windows (arrows)
- no central heating or running water
What were garderobe?
Wooden seats used as toilets from which the waste fell down a chute into the moat
What were battlements?
Gaps in the castle walls from which archers could fire arrows
How was the castle defended?
- arrows shot from the battlements
- boiling oil and quicklime poured from the castle walls onto attackers below
- the drawbridge was drawn and the portcullis would be lowered across the gate
What was a portcullis?
A steel gate lowered once the drawbridge was drawn
What was a Barbican?
A fortified gatehouse
How were castles attacked?
- causing a siege, surrounding the castle and blocking supplies from reaching those inside
- battering rams used to try break the castle walls
- large boulders hurled from catapults called mangonels
- siege towers and rope ladders were used to scale the castle walls
- sometimes tunnels were dug underneath walls in an effort to force its collapse
What were the lords duties?
- ensured that rents were paid and that the Knights remained loyal and ready to defend his lands (however the estate steward carried out most of these talks on behalf of the Lord)
- issued orders to bailiffs who were responsible for collecting rent and fines
- the Lord acted as a judge, settling local disputes and handing out punishments to those who broke local law
What were banquets at a Lord’s house like?
- exotic dishes such as swans and peacocks were served
- the bad smell of spoiled meat was disguised by adding spices or it was even dyed to make it look more appealing
- guests sat at long tables, the more important guests sitting at the top
- only those sitting at the top were served on platters, other guests ate on slabs of stale bread known as trenchers
What was hunting like as a pastime during medieval times?
- popular pastime for the lord
- way of providing food for the castle
- hunting carried out on foot or using birds of prey
What were the duties of a noble lady?
- usually in charge of domestic duties but while the Lord was away, was in charge of the running of the castle
- ensured there was a good supply of food in the storerooms in case of siege
- oversaw the salting of food for preservation
- responsible for the upbringing of the children
What pastimes did the lady take part in?
- hawking (a less strenuous form of hunting) birds of prey were trained to fly from a nobles wrist to catch prey
- lady’s played musical instruments, chess and did embroidery
What were the processes to becoming a knight?
Took up to 15 years to become a knight
•boys from only noble
families were sent by their parents to become a page in a lords castle at age 6/7
•at 14 the boy became a squire
•after about 7 years of training and the quire proved he was a skilful and brave warrior he was knighted by the King/local Lord
What did a boy learn during his time as a page?
- learnt good manners
- learnt how to read and write
- expected to act as servants to the Lord and lady
- learnt basic fighting skills using wooden swords and shields
What did a squire do?
Accompanied a fully trained knight
- learned how to fight with real weapons
- responsible for looking after the Knights horse and armour
How was a squire knighted?
- Knighted during a ceremony called an accolade
•spent the knight before the ceremony praying that he would be a good knight and he would never fail his duty to serve the Lord and King
•during the ceremony wore:
-White tunic (sign of purity)
-red robe (showing willingness to shed blood)
-black jacket (acceptance that he may die in battle)
•knelt for his dubbing then he would be presented with a sword - Some men were knighted on a battlefield as a reward for bravery
What armour did a knight wear?
- chain mail tunic
- metal plate amour with a helmet and gauntlets
How did Knights keep diet and practised in between wars?
Took part in tournaments
What were some activities at tournaments?
- melees: mock battles
- jousting: two Knights on horseback charged at each other on either side of a fence called a tilt using long poles (lances) in an effort to unseat their opponent (the winner usually got the losers armour)
What was chivalry?
The code of chivalry was that Knights were supposed to be loyal, brave, generous and courteous to women
Where did most people live in during the medieval ages?
Manors, these were villages and surrounding land that were owned by a Lord (manors also known as grange)
What was a demesne?
The lords private farm
Who count rolled the towns during the Middle Ages?
They were controlled by local lords but then powerful merchants paid the Lord to hand over power to a town council
What was life living in a medieval town like?
- sentries guarded the entry gates that were closed at night
- anyone entering the town to seek goods had to pay a toll
- there was a list of rules called the charter
- no sewage system
What did a curfew mean during medieval times?
Because all the buildings in medieval towns were made from wood fire was a constant danger
Curfew was the rule that, after darkness fell townspeople had to extinguish their fires
What happened to London in the year 1666?
A fire started in London when a baker in Pudding Lane failed to put out the fire properly
-burnt down 13,000 houses but no one was killed
What were the stages of becoming a craftman?
- young boys were sent as an apprentice to a master craftman’s shop
- after 7 years of training the boy could become a journeyman: he was free to do a days work for pay for anyone
- if a journeyman wanted to become a master he has to prove he is skilled enough by creating a masterpiece, if other masters consider it good enough he becomes a master and is allowed to open up shop provided he has the money to do so
What was life as an apprentice like?
•lived in the attic of the masters house and ate with the master and his family.
-Only ate two meals a day
∆breakfast: bread & weak beer
∆dinner: roast joint of beef, lamb,
chicken, pork + apples, cheese, spiced cakes + drank ale or mead (ale mixed with honey)
What was the purpose of creating guilds?
In order to maintain a high standard of goods and to support other craftsmen
What were the vernal rules of each guild?
- no one was allowed to start work before sunrise or continue to work after dark
- all workshops had to close after dinner on Saturday
- workshops had to remain closed on Sunday’s and feat days
- prices were fixed to stop underselling
- guilds settled disputes between craftsmen and their apprentices
What was the purpose the yearly fee each craftsman had to pay to their guild?
Money used to pay for the care of sick colleagues and towards the upkeep of the families of deceased members
How were gossiped punished during the Middle Ages?
- dunked in the local pond
- forced to wear a scold bridle (stopped talking)
