Chapter 12: Industrial And Social Revolution

Question 1

Why was ‘The Enclosure Act’ introduced?

Answer 1

There were no hedges or fences to seperate caused huge problems:

• because animals grazed on common land, disease spread from one farmers animals to another very easily
• animals wandered into planted fields and ate the crops they grew

Question 2

What were the results of ‘The enclosure act’?

Answer 2

Good farmers could practise new methods and techniques to improve the quantity and quality of crops and animals they produced.

Question 3

What did Jethro Tull’s seed drill do?

Answer 3

The seed drill make sure that seeds were sown deep into the soil where birds could not get at them.

Question 4

What did Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper do?

Answer 4

The mechanical reaper made it easier for the farmer to harvest his crop.

Question 5

Explain the process called ‘selective breeding’

Answer 5

A farmer selected the best animals he had and allowed them to breed. The weaker smaller animals were not allowed to breed and were slaughtered. The result was a great improvement in the quality of animals on his farm.

Question 6

What was the main result of selective breeding?

Answer 6

Meat was cheaper and more widely available for poor people than ever before.

Question 7

Who invented selective breeding?

Answer 7

Robert Bakewell

Question 8

What happens when a field in overused?

Answer 8

The soil will become infertile and worthless.

Question 9

What happened before the four-field system and the agricultural revolution?

Answer 9

The three field system.

One field would be left to fallow so that the soil had time to regain its strength.

Question 10

What was the disadvanatge of the three field system?

Answer 10

It worked, but it meant the farmer wouldn’t get maximum use of his land.

Question 11

What did Viscount Charles Townshend invent?

Answer 11

The four field system

Question 12

What was the four field system?

Answer 12

Fields were no longer left to fallow but instead planted with turnips and clover. These crops increased the fertility in soil. The crops were rotated each year so fields that held crops like wheat and barley, which decrease fertility in soil, would now hold turnips and clover.

Question 13

What were the results of the agricultural revolution?

Answer 13

• developments like enclosure, new machinery, selective breeding and the four field system led to a wide availability to cheap food
• cheap food led to a population explosion
• the population explosion led to more people living in rural areas than there were jobs, the new machinery didn’t help, as it got rid of jobs
• huge numbers of people left rural sreas in search of work. This caused towns to expand and become cities.

Question 14

Why did the industrial revolution happen in britain?

Answer 14

1. The industrial revolution was driven by steam power. The machines were built from iron and steam was made by burning coal. Britain had huge amounts of both iron and coal.
2. Britain had a massive empire. This meant britain could get large amounts of raw materials, like cotton and rubber, cheaply.
3. Because of britain’s industrial revolution there was a huge increase in population meaning there were a lot of unemployed people willing and able to do the work in the new factories.
4. Britain had many extraordinary inventors and engineers

Question 15

What was the cottage industry?

Answer 15

When goods were made at the manufacterers house and produced slowly and in small quantities.

Question 16

What were turnpike trusts?

Answer 16

These were privately run, good quality roads, which charged a toll for their use.

Question 17

Why was factory work dangerous?

Answer 17

• thousands lost their limbs/lives because of the giant moving machines
• workers in the textile factories breathed in tiny pieces of materials that floated in the air beside the machines

Question 18

Why were children useful in factories?

Answer 18

Because they were so small they were used to move under the moving machinery to unblock the clogs in the machines

Question 19

What disease sometimes affected miners?

Answer 19

‘Black lung’ was a disease caused by breathing in coal dust

Question 20

Why was mining so dangerous?

Answer 20

• workers suffered from black lung from breathing in dust particles
• men were killed by flooding from underground rivers and explosions from the build up of gas

Question 21

How was the explosions from the build up of gases tackled?

Answer 21

They brought a canary down to the mine. A canary died from the gases before the miners so this acted as a warning.

Question 22

Where did workers live?

Answer 22

Most workers lived in tenement buildings in overcrowded slum areas

Question 23

What did poor sanitation is the workers living quaters lead to?

Answer 23

Poor sanitation led to outbreaks of diseases such as smallpox, cholera and TB

Question 24

What did pollution from factories lead to?

Answer 24

Smog

Question 25

Why was living in the industrial revolutions time bad if you didn’t have a job?

Answer 25

The poor and homeless often had to live in workhouses or elese they would starve. Parents and children were often separated and forced to work for food. The conditons in these workhouses were awful.

Question 26

Why did some factory owners operate a ‘truck’ system?

Answer 26

Workers were not paid pounds, shillings or pence, but tokens. These tokens could only be used in the factory shop and were useless in the outside world. The owners then bought cheap and low quality food and sold it to the workers for high prices.

Question 27

What did some people do in the 1830s and what were they called?

Answer 27

A group of workers attacked factories and smashed the machines, they were called the Luddites.

Question 28

What were the Chartists demands?

Answer 28

• members of parliament should be paid (so poor people could afford to run for election)
• secret ballot for election (so employers would not know how workers voted)
• wanted all men to vote

Question 29

What did Louis Paster do?

Answer 29

He developed the idea that the micro-organisms that led to wine going off could be killed by heating the wine. His idea worked and was used on dairy products as well.

Question 30

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 30

He invented the vaccine to small pox

Question 31

When and where was Robert Owen born?

Answer 31

Wales, 1771

Question 32

What did Robert Owens father work as?

Answer 32

His father worked as a saddler and ironmonger

Question 33

Until what age did Owen attend at and what did he do directly after it?

Answer 33

He attended school until the age of nine and then he left to become an apprentice draper

Question 34

How was Owen doing when he was 19?

Answer 34

He managed of a cotton mill and was in charge of 500 workers. The mill produced some of the best cotton in Britain.

Question 35

What happened to Owem in 1795?

Answer 35

He became manager and one of the partners in Chorlton Twist Company in Manchester

Question 36

What did Owen do in 1799?

Answer 36

He married Caroline Dale and moved to her home at New Lanark near Glasgow.

Question 37

How many children did he have?

Answer 37

Seven

Question 38

What did Owen do to improve the conditions of the workers in Manchester?

Answer 38

• he built his scottish workers new houses and taught them to look after their homes
• the houses had clean, unpolluted water supplies which led to improvements in the health of his workers
• good, cheap quality food was sold to the workers and strict limits were placed on the sale of alcohol
• he was the first man to encourage of the education of poor children and was responsible for setting up a number of infant schools

Question 39

When did Robert Owen die?

Answer 39

1858

Question 40

What did the growth of railways lead to?

Answer 40

The growth of seaside resorts