Chapter 10 - Plantations Flashcards
When did the English first come to Ireland?
1167
How did the pale differ from the rest of the country?
- they spoke the english instead of Gaelic Irish
- they practiced tillage farming instead of raising cattle and sheep
- they were ruled by english common law instead of irish brehon law
- they were loyal to the King of england instead of the local lord of chieftain
What is tillage farming?
Growing crops
What were the most important old english families?
- The Fitzgeralds of Kildare
- The Fitzgeralds of Desmond
- The Butlers of Ormond
What was Desmond?
Modern munster
What was ormand?
Modern tipperary and kilkenny
Why did england want to do plantations in Ireland?
Because they thought wars were too expensive, they hated the thought of paying for a war, winning it, then having to go back again in a few years and pay for another war
What was the idea behind ‘Surrender and Regrant’ ?
If Old English Lords and Irish Chieftains surrendered their lands and swore an oath of alliegiance to King Henry VIII then he would regrant them their lands and award them english titles such as ‘Lord’ ‘Earl’ and ‘Baron’
Why did the idea behind surrender and regrant not work?
It failed to extend English Law outside the Pale
Definition of plantation
The idea and practice of removing disloyal people from an area and replacing them with loyal subjects who would obey the goverment
How did ‘Surrender and Regrant’ weaken the power of the gaelic clans?
Many fought over the english tradition which said that the Lords eldest son should get all his land which went against traditional brehon law.
Who led the raids in the pale?
The O’Mores of Laois and the O’Connors of Offaly
What did gaelic families do when not conducting raids?
They charged the residants a black rent
What was the black rent?
It was protection money paid by residents of the pale to gaelic families
When did ‘The O’Connor’ surrender his lands?
To Henery VIII in 1540
What were two fortresses that were built by the english?
Marybourough and Philipstown
What were the rules of the Laois-Offaly plantation?
The planters had to…
•use English farming practices
•employ only loyal subjects as servants or labourers
•be prepared to defend themselves in a attack
•under no circumstances rent land to the Gaelic Irish who had been driven from the land
•maintain new roads that had been built in the counties
Why was the Laois-Offaly plantation a fail?
- the idea of the plantation was to save money, the english didn’t want to pay to keep an army to protect the settlers from the Irish. Because of this the settlers had no real protection
- the idea of coming to live in the wilds of Ireland did not attract many people, out of 88 plants only 15 were from england
- so few english settlers were availible the english were forced to employ the Irish as servants
- Queen Mary died in 1558 and Queen Elizebeth, her sister, was too busy trying to remain in power to care about the Irish
Why did Elizabeth not trust catholics?
She felt there were more loyal to the pope than her
Why did the Fitzgeralds of Desmond rebel against Elizabeth?
- they were loyal catholics and would not be forced into becoming Protestant
- they had ruled muster for centuries and were not going to give up their land easily
Who were ‘adventurers’?
They were english gentlemen who claimed to be descended from the original norman knights who came to Ireland with Strongbow
Who were some examples of ‘adventurers’?
- Sir Richard Boyle
- Sir Valentine Brown
- Sir Philip Percivall
Who was Queen Elizabeths favourite ‘adventurer’?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What did Queen Elizabeth encourage the ‘adventurers’ to do?
To go to munster and claim what was ‘rightfully theirs’
When did the Desmond rebellion begin and how long did it last for?
In 1579 and it lasted for 4 years
Who ordered the munster plantation?
Queen Elizebeth I
