Chapter 10 - Plantations Flashcards
When did the English first come to Ireland?
1167
How did the pale differ from the rest of the country?
- they spoke the english instead of Gaelic Irish
- they practiced tillage farming instead of raising cattle and sheep
- they were ruled by english common law instead of irish brehon law
- they were loyal to the King of england instead of the local lord of chieftain
What is tillage farming?
Growing crops
What were the most important old english families?
- The Fitzgeralds of Kildare
- The Fitzgeralds of Desmond
- The Butlers of Ormond
What was Desmond?
Modern munster
What was ormand?
Modern tipperary and kilkenny
Why did england want to do plantations in Ireland?
Because they thought wars were too expensive, they hated the thought of paying for a war, winning it, then having to go back again in a few years and pay for another war
What was the idea behind ‘Surrender and Regrant’ ?
If Old English Lords and Irish Chieftains surrendered their lands and swore an oath of alliegiance to King Henry VIII then he would regrant them their lands and award them english titles such as ‘Lord’ ‘Earl’ and ‘Baron’
Why did the idea behind surrender and regrant not work?
It failed to extend English Law outside the Pale
Definition of plantation
The idea and practice of removing disloyal people from an area and replacing them with loyal subjects who would obey the goverment
How did ‘Surrender and Regrant’ weaken the power of the gaelic clans?
Many fought over the english tradition which said that the Lords eldest son should get all his land which went against traditional brehon law.
Who led the raids in the pale?
The O’Mores of Laois and the O’Connors of Offaly
What did gaelic families do when not conducting raids?
They charged the residants a black rent
What was the black rent?
It was protection money paid by residents of the pale to gaelic families
When did ‘The O’Connor’ surrender his lands?
To Henery VIII in 1540
What were two fortresses that were built by the english?
Marybourough and Philipstown
What were the rules of the Laois-Offaly plantation?
The planters had to…
•use English farming practices
•employ only loyal subjects as servants or labourers
•be prepared to defend themselves in a attack
•under no circumstances rent land to the Gaelic Irish who had been driven from the land
•maintain new roads that had been built in the counties
Why was the Laois-Offaly plantation a fail?
- the idea of the plantation was to save money, the english didn’t want to pay to keep an army to protect the settlers from the Irish. Because of this the settlers had no real protection
- the idea of coming to live in the wilds of Ireland did not attract many people, out of 88 plants only 15 were from england
- so few english settlers were availible the english were forced to employ the Irish as servants
- Queen Mary died in 1558 and Queen Elizebeth, her sister, was too busy trying to remain in power to care about the Irish
Why did Elizabeth not trust catholics?
She felt there were more loyal to the pope than her
Why did the Fitzgeralds of Desmond rebel against Elizabeth?
- they were loyal catholics and would not be forced into becoming Protestant
- they had ruled muster for centuries and were not going to give up their land easily
Who were ‘adventurers’?
They were english gentlemen who claimed to be descended from the original norman knights who came to Ireland with Strongbow
Who were some examples of ‘adventurers’?
- Sir Richard Boyle
- Sir Valentine Brown
- Sir Philip Percivall
Who was Queen Elizabeths favourite ‘adventurer’?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What did Queen Elizabeth encourage the ‘adventurers’ to do?
To go to munster and claim what was ‘rightfully theirs’
When did the Desmond rebellion begin and how long did it last for?
In 1579 and it lasted for 4 years
Who ordered the munster plantation?
Queen Elizebeth I
How many estates was The Desmond Land divided into?
35
How big were the estates in the Munster Plantation?
5000-10000 acres
Who was the land granted to in the muster plantation?
The land was granted to Loyal subjects of the Queen like Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spencer.
Why were planters called undertakers?
They were called undertakers because they undertook, promised, to keep the rules of the plantation
Why was the munster plantation a fail yet a success?
Failures
•the estates were too large to control
•there were not enough english settlers to employ and the Irish worked for a lot less money
Sucesses
•english farming practices took hold and became common
•the new plantation towns grew and propspered and are still major towns today
•A strong protestant population remained in munster and were loyal to the crown for the next few centuries
What towns were built during the munster plantation?
- Mallow
- Killarney
- Bandon
When did The Nine Years War begin?
In 1594
Who led the Nine Years war?
Earl of Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill
Why did the Spanish want to help the Irish?
They were catholic and hated King Philip II hated Queen Elizebeth
When did the spanish arrive at Ireland?
In december 1601
Where did the spanish arrive in Ireland and what was the problem?
They arrived in Kinsale Co. Cork, hundreds of miles away from the O’Neill stronghold
Why did the english defeat the irish so easily in the battle of Kinsale?
The Irish had travelled hundreds of miles to meet the spanish and were exhausted
When did O’Neill surrender?
1603
What was the treaty that ended the nine year war?
The Treaty of Mellifont
What were the terms of the treaty of Mellifont?
O’Neill was allowed to keep control of his lands as long as he agreed to accept English law
When did ‘The flight of the earls occur’?
In 1607
Why did the Irish Lords leave Ireland?
They found it impossible to live under english law
Where did most of the Irish Lords go after the flight of the Earls?
To Rome, where they were given assistance by the pope
How is the success of the Ulster plantation evident today?
A large population of unionists live in Northern Ireland at present day, and they identify as british which was exactly what James I wanted
Who ordered the Ulster plantation?
King James I
Why was the Ulster plantation more of a success than the other plantations?
They learnt from their mistakes with the Laois-Offaly and Munster plantations
What was the maximum amount of land given out in the Ulster plantion?
2000 acres
Why were giving servitors land a good idea?
Servitors were british soldiers and were tough meaning they wouldn’t be driven away easily
What were tories?
Tories were people the english deemed unloyal and they lived as outlaws
Why were the scottish people who came over tough?
They were presbyterians and hated catholics
What were bawns?
Bawns were stone-walled defensive enclosures
What farming practices did the irish use before the plantations?
Pastoral farming, keeping cattle and sheep
What farming methods did settlers use after the ulster plantation?
Arable farminf
Why did the industrial revolution come to northern Ireland only?
The soil in Ulster was particulary suited to growing flax, which was used to make linen
How many protestants actually died in the ulster rebellion in 1641 vs how many did the english think died?
4,000 vs 100,000
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Oliver Cromwell was a radical protestent
Who were cavaliers?
Cavaliers were those loyal to the king (King Charles I)
Who were roundheads?
Those loyal to the parliment
Who was on opposite sides in the english civil war?
Roundheads and cavaliers
When was the english civil war won?
In 1649
Who won the civil war?
The roundheads (parliment) won thanks to Oliver Cromwell and the new model army
Why did Oliver Cromwell and The New Model Army come to Ireland?
They heard reports and the irish catholics were hurting the protestants
What was the key aim of the cromwellian plantation?
To remove land from catholic hands
Who was land given to in the cromwellian plantation?
- soldiers who served in the New Model Army
- adventurers
- people who lent the parliment money during the civil war
What was the ‘Act Of Settlement’?
It consficated rebel lands
What happened to catholic priests in the cromwellian plantation?
They were either excecuted or sold as slaves
