chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
what is fear
A
- emotional response attributed to something negative
- danger or harm
- immediate physiological response
- true alarm
2
Q
what is anxiety
A
- anticipation of future threat with dread
- leads to be unable to do things
3
Q
fear vs anxiety
A
- fear in present
- anxiety in future
4
Q
panic
A
- type of fear response
- not anticipated
- palpitations, shortness of breath, abdominal distress, dizziness, sweating, numbness
- fear of losing control, going crazy, dying, unreality
- may or may not be related to panic attack
- can become associated to specific situations
5
Q
panic attack
A
- cued or uncued
- commonly accompanies anxiety disorders
- high level of fight or flight for a long time
6
Q
anxiety disorder
A
- persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear
- extreme avoidance
- extreme levels of impairment
- situation can be endured with extreme distress
7
Q
biological vulnerabilities
A
- genetics: tendency for anxiety
- neurotransmitters: low gaba
- brain circuit: neural fear (limbic), panic circuit (fight or flight), amygdala oversensitivity
8
Q
psychological vulnerabilities
A
- personality traits
- temperament
- anxiety sensitivity: fear of anxiety symptoms, panic attack, more likely to experience fear as a result
- negative affect: experience things as negative
- life stressors
9
Q
complexity of anxiety disorders
A
- 4 disorders
- common symptoms, treatments
- complex causes, similar but individualized
- therapy best
- high suicide rates
- comorbidity
10
Q
specific phobia
A
- extreme and irrational fear in presence of a phobic stimulus
- extreme avoidance
- triggered by: in person, reading about it, hearing about it
- unexpected panic attack in presence of stimulus
- onset: 7-11
- struggle for 6+mo
- clinically significant distres
11
Q
types and specifiers of SP
A
- blood injection injury: fear of needles, medical procedures, blood, injury, vasovagal response
- natural environment: heights, storms, water, etc
- situational: particular places and situations
- animal
- other
12
Q
sp treatment
A
- CBT
- systematic desensitization: get into state of relazation and you cant experience panic, can tolerate higher and higher things
- exposure therapy: use imagination then gradually move up
- virtual reality
13
Q
social anxiety disorders
A
- fear in social situations
- fear of humiliation, being judged
- peaks at 13, can develop in 20s
- higher in canada than us
14
Q
SAD bio causes
A
- prepared learning: prepped to feel anxious and avoid angry, threatening people in evolution
- inherit extreme shyness, predisposition for anxiety
- multiple NTs implicated
15
Q
SAD psych causes
A
- anxiety sensitivity
- generalized vulnerability
- negative beliefs, anxious apprehension: reading bad things into cues, negative thinking
- vicarious experience: can be learned from others
- specific vulnerability: traumatic exposure, true or false alarm
16
Q
SAD medications
A
- SSRIs
- only does so much
17
Q
SAD psychological treatment
A
- CBT: exposure, rehearsal, role play, group therapy
- effective with long term results
18
Q
panic disorder
A
- recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
- worry or fear about having an attack
- try to avoid them
- interoceptive: symptoms associated with PA
- exteroceptive: actual avoidance
- high rates of suicide
19
Q
agoraphobia
A
- variation of PD
- avoid situations where they think a PA will occur
- begin to limit life
- may become homebound
20
Q
PD biological causes
A
- inherited predisposition to stress and overreactivity
21
Q
PD psychological causes
A
- anxiety sensitivity
- negative beliefs
- worry
- hyper vigilance: sensitivity to threatening things
- learned alarm from conditioning
22
Q
PD medication
A
- SSRIs
- high relapse when discontinued
- benzodiazepines are addictive
23
Q
PD psychological treatments
A
- CBT
- learn to manage anxiety
- gradual exposure
- relaxation and breathing
24
Q
PD panic control treatment
A
- exposure to interoceptive cues
- cog therapy
- therapist creates mini panic attack
25
generalized anxiety disorder
- excessive worry about numerous life events
- somatic symptoms
- sleeping problems
- chronic course
- muscle tension --> chronic aches and pains
26
GAD bio causes
- high genetic predisposition
- anxiety sensitivity
- unique physiological patterns: muscle tension, reduces responsiveness to most anxiety measures
- tendency to be anxious
27
GAD psychological causes
- intolerance of uncertainty
- erroneous beliefs: think worrying will help
- poor problem orientation: no focus on problem solving
- cognitive avoidance: dont work through problems
28
GAD medications
- benzodiazepines: short term relief high risk, impairs cog and motor functioning, produces dependence
- antidepressants
- SSRIs
29
GAD psych treatments -
- CBT: exposure to worry process, confront anxiety provoking things,
- coping strategies
- mindful based treatment
30
trauma and stressor related disorders
- reactive attachment disorder
- disinhibited social engagement disorder
- adjustment disorders
- acute stress disorder
- PTSD
31
PTSD
- trauma exposure: actual or threatened death, injury, sexual violence
- direct experience, witnessing, learning about a traumatic event
- typically experience extreme fear, helplessness, horror
32
PTSD symptoms
- avoidance
- intrusive symptoms
- negative cognitions and mood states
- emotional numbing
- altered physiological arousal and reactivity
features: reexperiencing event, avoiding stimuli, extreme arousal
33
PTSD bio and psych vulnerabilities
- genetics
- neurobiological impact of event
- emotional and cog reactions
- social support
- psychiatric history
34
PTSD event related factors
- dosage
- natural vs manmade trauma
- nature of threat
35
PTSD treatment
- SSRIs
- CBT: exposure, imaginal
- increasing coping skills
- social support
36
Obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders
- Obsessive compulsive disorder
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Hoarding disorder
- Trichotillomania
- Excoriation
- Substance-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
- Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition
37
OCD
- presence of obsessions, compulsions or both
- obsessions: repetitive and persistent thoughts, urges
- compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts following an obsession, 4 categories: checking, ordering, arranging, cleaning
38
OCD bio causes
- genetics: moderate genetic risk identified
| - neurobiological: basal ganglia and frontal cortex abnormalities, serotonin system abnormalities
39
OCD psych causes
- early life experiences may result in developing maladaptive beliefs: misinterpretations of thoughts, thought/action fusion, thought suppression, compulsions as a coping mechanism
40
OCD treatments
- medicatios: clomipramine and SSRIS - 50% benefit and high relapse
- CBT: exposure and ritual therapy, reality testing effective
- psychosurgery in extreme cases
41
body dysmorphic disorder
- preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance
- strong beliefs about unattractiveness of physical abnormalities
- intrusive thoughts related to appearance - checking mirrors, comparisons to to others, trying to improve appearance
- others cant tell what they're obsessing about
- causes unknown
- treatment: SSRIs, exposure and response therapy
